Ch 13 PPT Notes Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Function of the Eye
A
Contains sensory receptors for vision
2
Q
Structures of the Eye
A
Sclera; Choroid; Retina; Eyeball; Conjunctiva; Eye muscles; Eyelids; Lacrimal apparatus
3
Q
ambly/o
A
dull or dim
4
Q
aque/o
A
water
5
Q
blast/o
A
immature; embryonic
6
Q
blephar/o
A
eyelid
7
Q
chromat/o
A
color
8
Q
conjunctiv/o
A
conjunctiva
9
Q
corne/o; kerat/o
A
cornea
10
Q
cycl/o
A
ciliary muscle
11
Q
dacry/o; lacrim/o
A
tear; tear duct
12
Q
dipl/o
A
double
13
Q
emmetr/o
A
correct; proper
14
Q
glauc/o
A
gray
15
Q
ir/o; irid/o
A
iris
16
Q
macul/o
A
macula lutea
17
Q
mi/o
A
lessening
18
Q
mydr/i
A
widening
19
Q
nyctal/o
A
night
20
Q
ocul/o; ophthalm/o
A
eye
21
Q
opt/o; optic/o
A
eye; vision
22
Q
papill/o
A
optic disk
23
Q
phac/o
A
lens
24
Q
phot/o
A
light
25
presby/o
old age
26
pupill/o
pupil
27
retin/o
retina
28
scler/o
sclera
29
stigmat/o
point
30
uve/o
vascular
31
vitre/o
glassy
32
–ician
specialist
33
–metrist
one who measures
34
–opia
vision condition
35
–opsia
vision condition
36
–tropia
turned condition
37
Ophthalmology (Ophth)
Study of the eye
38
Eyeball
Organ of sight; Transmits external image using sensory impulses via optic nerve to brain; Brain translates sensory impulses into image
39
The Eyeball Composed of three layers:
Sclera; Choroid; Retina
40
Optic Disk
Point where the optic nerve leaves eyeball.
Retinal blood vessels enter and leave through optic disk.
No rods or cones (results in blind spot in each eye’s field of vision).
41
Aqueous humor
Watery fluid.
| Located between cornea and lens.
42
Vitreous humor
Semi-solid gel.
| Located between lens and retina.
43
Six muscles that connect eyeball to skull
4 rectus muscles pull straight.
2 oblique muscles pull on an angle.
Contract in combination to change direction in which each eye is looking.
44
Eyelids
A pair cover each eyeball.
Provide protection from foreign particles, injury, sun & trauma.
Both upper and lower edges have eyelashes or cilia that protect eye from foreign particles.
45
Sebaceous glands located in eyelids
Secrete a lubricating oil onto surface of eyeball
46
Conjunctiva
A mucous membrane.
Forms continuous covering on underside of each eyelid and across anterior surface of each eyeball.
Protects eyeball.
47
Lacrimal gland
Located under outer upper corner of each eyelid.
Produces tears.
Tears wash and lubricate anterior surface of eyeball.
48
Lacrimal ducts
Located in inner corner of eye socket.
Collect tears.
Drain into nasolacrimal duct.
Ultimately drain into nasal cavity.
49
Vision requires four mechanisms:
(1) Coordination of external eye muscles so that both eyes move together (2) Correct amount of light admitted by pupil (3) Correct focus of light upon retina by lens (4) Optic nerve transmitting sensory images to brain
50
Function of the Ear
Contains sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium (balance)
51
Structures of the Ear
Auricle
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
52
acous/o; audi/o; audit/o
hearing
53
cerumin/o
cerumen
54
cochle/o
cochlea
55
labyrinth/o
labyrinth (inner ear)
56
myring/o
tympanic membrane(eardrum)
57
aur/o; auricul/o; ot/o
ear
58
salping/o
auditory tube; eustachian tube
59
staped/o
stapes
60
tympan/o
eardrum
61
–cusis
hearing
62
–otia
ear condition
63
Otology (Oto)
Study of the ear
64
Audiology
Study of hearing disorders
65
Ear responsible for two senses:
Hearing & equilibrium or sense of balance
66
Sensory information carried to brain by
vestibulocochlear nerve
67
Cochlear nerve
hearing information
68
Vestibular nerve
balance information
69
Ear is subdivided into three regions:
External ear; Middle ear; Inner ear
70
Eustachian Tube
Auditory tube.
Connects nasopharynx with middle ear.
Opens with each swallow.
Equalizes pressure between middle ear cavity and atmospheric pressure
71
bi/o
life
72
laryng/o
larynx
73
myc/o
fungus
74
neur/o
nerve
75
presby/o
old age
76
py/o
pus
77
rhin/o
nose
78
Sclera
White of the eye.
Outermost layer of eyeball.
Tough protective layer.
Anterior portion- cornea.
79
Cornea
Anterior portion of sclera.
Clear, transparent.
Allows light to enter.
Bends or refracts light rays.
80
Choroid
Middle layer of eyeball.
Provides blood supply for eye.
Anterior portion: iris, pupil & ciliary body.
81
Iris
Colored portion of eye.
Anterior part of choroid layer.
Smooth muscle that changes size of pupil.
82
Pupil
Opening in center of iris within choroid layer of eyeball.
| Allows light to enter into eyeball.
83
Lens
Behind iris.
Not actually part of choroid layer.
Attached to ciliary body.
84
Ciliary body
Pulls on edge of lens,
| Changes shape of lens to focus light on retina.
85
Retina
Contains sensory receptor cells that detect light rays.
| Rods, cones, macula lutea & fovea centralis.
86
Rods
Within retina.
Active in dim light.
See gray tones.
87
Cones
Within retina.
Active only in bright light.
Color vision.
88
Macula lutea
Area of retina where image forms.
89
Fovea centralis
Depression in center of macula lutea.
High # of cones.
Point of clearest vision.
90
How we see?
1) Light rays pass thru cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, lens & vitreous humor.
2) Strikes retina to stimulate rods & cones.
3) Upside down image on retina.
4) Optic nerve transmits to brain.
5) Brain turns right side up.
91
Presbyopia
Visual loss due to old age.
92
Xerophthalmia
Dry eyes.
| Xero = dry
93
Astigmatism
Blurred vision due to uneven cornea.
| Light rays do not focus sharply on retina.
94
Cataract
Damage to lens causing it to become cloudy.
95
Glaucoma
Chronic increase in intraocular pressure.
| Results in atrophy of optic nerve.
96
Muscular degeneration.
Deterioration of macula lutea area of retina.
97
Myopia
Image comes into focus in front of retina.
Can see close but not at distance.
Farsighted.
98
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Usually bacterial infection.
Pink eye.
99
Strabismus
Eye muscle weakness resulting in eyes looking in different directions at same time.
100
External ear
Auricle or pinna.
Auditory canal.
Cerumen (earwax).
Tympanic membrane (eardrum).
101
External ear: Auricle or pinna
Only visible portion.
| Captures sound waves & directs through external auditory meatus.
102
External ear: auditory canal
Sound moves along canal
103
External ear: Cerumen
Earwax.
Produced by oil glands in auditory canal.
Oily wax slowly moves out ear canal removing dirt stuck to it.
104
External ear: tympanic membrane
Eardrum.
Sound waves strike membrane causes it to vibrate.
Separates external & middle ear.
105
Middle ear
Small cavity located in temporal bone of skull.
| Contains ossicles.
106
Ossicles
Tiny bones in middle ear:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
107
Ossicles function:
Tympanic membrane vibrates incus.
Vibrations amplify as they move from ossicle to next.
Stapes transmits vibration to oval window (start of inner ear).
108
Oval window
Start of inner ear.
109
Inner ear
Labyrinth.
| Contains sensory organs.
110
Labyrinth
Cavity within temporal bone.
| Houses inner ear.
111
Hearing organs:
Cochlea
| Organs of corti
112
Equilibrium organs:
Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule
113
Conductive hearing loss:
Disease or malformation of outer or middle ear.
| All sound is weaker & muffled since it is not conducted correctly to inner ear.
114
Sensorineural hearing loss:
Damage or malformation to inner ear (cochlea) or cochlear nerve.
Sounds are distorted because nerve impulse is incorrect.
115
Ottis media
Infection of middle ear.
Common in children.
Watery fluid or pus accumulation.
116
Pressure equalizing tube (PE tube)
Surgical placement of tube in eardrum to allow for continuous drainage of fluid from middle ear cavity.
117
Cochlear implant
Mechanical device surgically placed behind outer ear.
Converts sound to magnetic impulses to stimulate auditory nerve.
Treats sensorineural hearing loss.
