ch 11 - weight and body composition

Question 1

t or f: Essential fat is the minimum amount of body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning and is estimated to be appropriately 3 percent of body weight for males and 12 percent of body weight for females.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

t or f: The most accurate model for body composition is the four-compartment model, comprised of fat mass, fat-free mass, bone mass, and total body water.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

t or f: Skinfold measurements directly measure body fat and are the most accurate way to assess body composition.

Answer 3

false

Question 4

t or f: Because dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) uses a nonharmful current to determine body fat, changes in hydration status may affect analysis.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

t or f: Daily weights are a good reflection of changes in lean body mass or body fat.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

t or f: Athletes who want to lose body fat should restrict energy intake to 25 kcal/kg daily.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

t or f: To gain a pound of muscle per week, a male athlete should increase daily caloric intake by 400 to 500 kcal, consume an additional 14 grams of protein, and strength train.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

t or f: An athlete who wants to lose relatively large amounts of body fat should begin the process in the early part of the preseason.

Answer 8

false

Question 9

t or f: Prohormones such as androstenedione are precursors to testosterone and are legal for athletes to take to improve performance.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

t or f: Ephedrine supplements, while banned at doses >10 mg, with caffeine, have shown weight loss in obese people, but alone they show no improvement in muscle strength or anabolic performance.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Which of the following is not part of the three-compartment model of body composition?

Answer 11

total body water

Question 12

Body fat that is distributed primarily in the abdominal area and is most often a characteristic of fat distribution in males is referred to as:

Answer 12

android

Question 13

What is the standard error of the estimate (SEE)?

Answer 13

a measure of the accuracy of predictions

Question 14

An athlete is underwater weighed and is told that he is 13 percent body fat. How should he interpret this information?

Answer 14

His percentage of body fat is between 10.3 and 15.7 percent.

Question 15

Measuring weight on a daily basis is most useful to athletes who are trying to:

Answer 15

monitor hydration status

Question 16

For which of the following athletes would body composition be a major consideration for performance in their sport?

Answer 16

long jumper

Question 17

Approximately how much additional protein is needed per day to support the growth of 1 pound of muscle tissue per week (assume sufficient kcal and resistance exercise)?

Answer 17

14 g

Question 18

To lose body fat but maintain muscle mass, an athlete should:
include strength training in his or her training plan.

restrict caloric intake.

ensure protein is at least 1.8 g/kg/day.

do all of these.

Answer 18

do all of these

Question 19

Ephedrine is known to be effective for:

Answer 19

asthma and nasal decongestion.

Question 20

Athletes need to carefully consider whether or not to consume dietary supplements in an effort to lose weight or body fat based on which of the following concerns?

purity

safety

effectiveness

all of these

Answer 20

all of these

Question 21

components of body tissue

Answer 21

• body mass
• muscle mass
• bone mass and density
• fluid volume
• body fat

Question 22

essential body fat percentage males and females

Answer 22

3% males
12% females

Question 23

body fat storage

Answer 23

subcutaneous or visceral

Question 24

body fat is either

Answer 24

essential or storage

Question 25

Lean body mass refers to the total amount of all physiologically necessary tissue in the body and includes ___________.

Answer 25

fat free mass and essential body fat

Question 26

fat free mass includes

Answer 26

muscle, bones, fluid, and organs

Question 27

ectomorph

Answer 27

slightly built, difficulty gaining weight or LBM

Question 28

mesomorph

Answer 28

muscular with little excess body fat, easily gains LBM

Question 29

endomorph

Answer 29

stocky with wide hips, easily gains body fat

Question 30

The BMI formula assumes

Answer 30

adult height is stable and that any increase in scale weight is a result of an increase in body fat

Question 31

BMI is used as a tool to screen for

Answer 31

chronic disease risk in the general population

Question 32

It is inappropriate to use BMI with

Answer 32

pregnant females, people who have decreased in height because of osteoporosis, or trained athletes.

Question 33

The major problem with the use of body weight is that it gives no information about

Answer 33

body composition

Question 34

two compartment model of body composition

Answer 34

fat mass and fat free mass

Question 35

three compartment model of body composition

Answer 35

fat mass, bone mass, fat free mass

Question 36

four compartment model of body composition

Answer 36

fat mass, bone mass, fat free mass, total body water

Question 37

All methods measure body composition directly. True or False?

Answer 37

False All methods predict or estimate body composition indirectly. Therefore, they all have built-in standard error of the estimate (SEE).

Question 38

hydrodensitometry or underwater weighing

Answer 38

Subjects are placed in the water in a seat suspended from a scale. The subject must exhale as much air as possible (down to residual volume), submerge his or her body completely underwater, and remain as motionless as possible until an accurate scale weight (underwater weight) can be determined. To ensure consistent results, 5 to 10 measurements are typically required.

Question 39

plethysmography

Answer 39

Subjects are placed in the water in a seat suspended from a scale. The subject must exhale as much air as possible (down to residual volume), submerge his or her body completely underwater, and remain as motionless as possible until an accurate scale weight (underwater weight) can be determined. To ensure consistent results, 5 to 10 measurements are typically required.

Question 40

skinfold thickness

Answer 40

The thickness of the fold of skin is determined with calipers on predetermined locations on the body. Equations incorporating the sum of each skinfold thickness measured are used to predict body density and percent body fat.

Question 41

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Answer 41

A nonharmful electrical current is conducted through the body, and the impedance to the flow of that current is measured and used in an equation to predict body composition.

Question 42

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 42

A nonharmful electrical current is conducted through the body, and the impedance to the flow of that current is measured and used in an equation to predict body composition.

Question 43

skinfold thickness estimates

Answer 43

subcutaneous fat stores

Question 44

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): Tissues containing high water ...

Answer 44

conduct electrical current more easily than fat

Question 45

Near-infrared reactance (NIA): SEE

Answer 45

4-5%.

Question 46

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): SEE

Answer 46

1.8%

Question 47

Based on the ______, he or she can set weight and body composition goals that are likely to be associated with good performance and good health.

Answer 47

athlete’s sport, genetic predisposition, and individual characteristics

Question 48

target body weight formula

Answer 48

(current FFM)/(1 - desired % BF)

Question 49

target body weight formula assumes

Answer 49

euhydration and a constant fat free mass

Question 50

Synthesis of muscle tissue requires

Answer 50

positive energy balance positive nitrogen balance positive muscle protein balance.

Question 51

For many athletes, there is a greater benefit to

Answer 51

to increasing muscle mass than to decreasing body fat

Question 52

weight cycling

Answer 52

repeated bouts of weight loss and weight gain

Question 53

Androstenedione

Answer 53

banned by most sports governing bodies

Question 54

bitter orange

Answer 54

Slightly increases RMR but not enough for weight loss

Question 55

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA):

Answer 55

Usually contains a mixture of a cis-9, trans-11 isomer and a trans-10, cis-12 isomer.

Question 56

DHEA

Answer 56

Advertised as being a ”fountain of youth.”

Question 57

Ephedra

Answer 57

Risks increase when used prior to strenuous workouts in the heat

Question 58

Anabolic steroids

Answer 58

Prohibited Medical risks

Question 59

prohormones

Answer 59

Androstenedione DHEA

Question 60

Ephedra, ephedrine

Answer 60

Controversial Banned in some states

Question 61

Which statement about body weight is true? a. Body weight does not provide any information about body composition. b. In conjunction with an athlete's height, body weight gives a clear picture of overall health. c. Body weight can decipher between fat mass and fat-free mass. d. Body weight is a quick and easy way to evaluate an athlete's health.

Answer 61

a. Body weight does not provide any information about body composition.

Question 62

What does the term "essential fat" mean?

Answer 62

c. minimum amount of fat necessary for proper physiological functioning

Question 63

What is the most appropriate way for an athlete to increase his or her muscle mass?

Answer 63

d. increase strength training and maintain positive nitrogen balance

Question 64

What body composition measurement method uses low-intensity X-rays to scan the body and can also determine bone mineral density?

Answer 64

c. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Question 65

What type of body composition method uses air displacement to determine body volume and correlates well with underwater weighing to determine body fat mass?

Answer 65

plethysmography

Question 66

What is one advantage of using the plethysmography method to determine body composition?

Answer 66

c. It has good test-retest reliability.

Question 67

What could an athlete monitor if they are tracking their weight every day and looking specifically at the day-to-day fluctuations?

Answer 67

b. hydration status

Question 68

Weight and body composition goals should be set upon which of the following?

Answer 68

d. sport, position played, and relative need for power and endurance

Question 69

An inverse relationship between body fat and performance is most likely to exist for what type of athlete?

Answer 69

ski jumper

Question 70

A figure skater currently weighs 135 pounds with a current body fat percentage of 22 percent. Her desired body fat percentage is 18 percent. What is her target body weight in order to achieve this body fat percentage?

Answer 70

c. 128 pounds

Question 71

What should be an athlete's primary focus if their goal is to maintain skeletal muscle mass while losing weight?

Answer 71

a. high protein diet and resistance training

Question 72

What two areas of the diet should an athlete focus on to assist them to increase their muscle mass?

Answer 72

d. energy and protein intake

Question 73

An increase in blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein, aggression, depression, reduction in testicle size, baldness, and growth of facial hair are side effect symptoms from using which supplement?

Answer 73

c. anabolic steroids

Question 74

What statement is true regarding dietary supplements and weight loss?

Answer 74

a. Most dietary supplements intended for weight loss are NOT effective, especially for long-term weight loss.

Question 75

Which adverse events happen when an athlete consumes a dietary supplement containing ephedrine?

Answer 75

d. headache, increased heart rate, and insomnia