ch 6- fats

Question 1

If a double bond is present, it may be in one of two formations. What are the two formations?

Answer 1

cis, trans

Question 2

are chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (a carbon with a double bond to oxygen and a single bond to an oxygen/hydrogen, written as COOH) at one end.

Answer 2

fatty acids

Question 3

cis

Answer 3

groups that are on the same side of the double bond between carbons.

Question 4

trans

Answer 4

groups that are on opposite sides of the double bond between carbons.

Question 5

Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be further distinguished by their fatty acid series. This refers to

Answer 5

the presence of a double bond between carbons that is counted from the last carbon in the chain (farthest from the carboxyl group carbon). This terminal carbon is referred to as omega or n-.

Question 6

triglyceride

Answer 6

3 FAs attached to a glycerol

Question 7

names of omega 3 FAs

Answer 7

• a-linolenic acid
• EPA
• DHA

Question 8

a-linolenic characteristics

Answer 8

essential FA that is widely distributed in food
- can be used to form longer FAs

Question 9

sources of a-linolenic acid

Answer 9

• flaxseed and grapeseed oils
• green leafy veggies
• soybean canola and linseed oils

Question 10

EPA characteristics

Answer 10

• eicosanoids made from EPA have antiinflammatory effects and inhibit the formation of eicosanoids made from arachidonic acid, which have pro inflammatory effects

Question 11

sources of EPA and DHA

Answer 11

• salmon
• herring
• mackerel
• sardine

Question 12

DHA characteristics

Answer 12

• membrane phospholipids
• eicosanoids made from EPA have antiinflammatory effects and inhibit the formation of eicosanoids made from arachidonic acid, which have pro inflammatory effects

Question 13

Almost 95 percent of the fat found in foods is in the form of ____ the remaining fats in food are either ____ ___ ____

Answer 13

triglycerides; sterols or phospholipids.

Question 14

Once absorbed, the monoglycerides and free fatty acids are

Answer 14

resynthesized into triglycerides

Question 15

triglycerides are incorporated into _____ which transport fat via the lymphatic system.

Answer 15

chylomicrons

Question 16

ketosis

Answer 16

catabolism of acetyl CoA

Question 17

esterification

Answer 17

• formation of a TG
• occurs after FAs are taken up by adipocytes

Question 18

lipolysis

Answer 18

• breakdown of a TG to FAs and glycerol

Question 19

lipolysis is inhibited by

Answer 19

insulin

Question 20

beta oxdation

Answer 20

conversion of FAs to acetyl coA

Question 21

lipoprotein lipase activity is stimulated by

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

Fat storage in muscle occurs primarily in muscle that is

Answer 22

highly aerobic

Question 23

advantages of fats

Answer 23

• energy dense
• 9 kcal/g
• anhydrous

Question 24

Within an adipocyte, hormone-sensitive lipase will

Answer 24

break down a stored triglyceride into glycerol and three fatty acids, which diffuse into the capillary circulation

Question 25

FAs are bound to _____ for transport

Answer 25

albumin

Question 26

epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate

Answer 26

the process of TG breakdown and transport

Question 27

mitochondrial transfer of fatty acyl coa

Answer 27

In the outer mitochondrial membrane, the CoA of fatty acyl-CoA is removed and joined to carnitine via carnitine acyltransferase. The acylcarnitine is then translocated into the mitochondria, where the fatty acid separates from the carnitine rejoins with a CoA.

Question 28

ketones are produced by

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

ketones supply how much of the bodys total energy needs after an overnight fast

Answer 29

2-6%

Question 30

ketones are produced more when

Answer 30

FA oxidation is accelerated

Question 31

when is FA oxidation accelerated (more ketones)

Answer 31

- low CHO intake - impaired CHO metabolism

Question 32

as intensity inc

Answer 32

the percentage of energy provided by fat metabolism decreases and that of CHO increases

Question 33

as duration inc

Answer 33

the percentage of energy derived from fat may increase slightly as the percentage of energy derived from carbohydrate oxidation declines.

Question 34

T or F Increases in body weight are due to long-term excess energy consumption.

Answer 34

true

Question 35

general fat recommendations for athletes

Answer 35

1 g/kg 20-35% total caloric intake

Question 36

total fat amount depends on

Answer 36

- total energy - total CHO and protein

Question 37

endurance athletes may need up to how much fat

Answer 37

2 g/kg/d

Question 38

The appropriate amount of dietary fat for the athlete will depend on two factors—

Answer 38

overall energy (caloric) need and macronutrient balance

Question 39

inadequate fat intake effects

Answer 39

- Inadequate replenishment of intramuscular fat stores - Inability to manufacture sex-related hormones - Alterations in the ratio of high-and low-density lipoproteins (HDL:LDL) - Inadequate fat-soluble vitamin intakes

Question 40

: May enhance free fatty acid mobilization during endurance exercise

Answer 40

caffeine

Question 41

May increase blood flow to muscle-enhancing recovery

Answer 41

carnitine

Question 42

: Suggested to increase fat and reduce carbohydrate oxidation during exercise

Answer 42

ketone esters

Question 43

Suggested to reduce reliance on muscle glycogen stores

Answer 43

medium chain TGs

Question 44

carnitine not effective for

Answer 44

inc fat metabolism

Question 45

shows promise for athletes with exercise induced bronchoconstriction due to asthma

Answer 45

omega 3 FAs

Question 46

caffeine is effective as

Answer 46

- CNS stimulant - improving endurance performance and high intensity activities lasting 20 min

Question 47

The predominant fat in food and the body is:

Answer 47

triglyceride

Question 48

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid, one that cannot be manufactured in the body?

Answer 48

linoleic acid

Question 49

Most long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the intestinal mucosal cells in what form?

Answer 49

chlyomicrons

Question 50

What is the enzyme found on the surface of blood vessels that catalyzes the release of fatty acids so they can be absorbed by fat and muscle tissue?

Answer 50

lipoprotein lipase

Question 51

The human body normally stores approximately how much energy as fat?

Answer 51

100,000 kcal

Question 52

A deficiency of carnitine in the body would result in fat metabolism decreasing for which of the following reasons?

Answer 52

Fatty acids would not be transported properly into mitochondria.

Question 53

When the body is stressed by exercise, fat stored in adipocytes is:

Answer 53

mobilized

Question 54

Which of the following is not true about fat metabolism?

Answer 54

As exercise intensity increases, the percentage of energy from fat decreases.

Question 55

t or f: A person “burns” more fat as a percentage of total energy expenditure at rest.

Answer 55

true

Question 56

t or f: As exercise intensity increases, the total (absolute) amount of fat used for energy increases, reaches a peak, and then decreases.

Answer 56

true

Question 57

t or f: To “burn” more fat in a fixed period of time, a person should exercise at a low, “fat-burning” intensity.

Answer 57

true

Question 58

Which of the following statements about an athlete’s dietary fat intake is true?

Answer 58

As long as carbohydrate and protein needs are met, athletes do not need to pay attention to their fat intake.

Question 59

What are the adverse consequences of inadequate fat intake?

Answer 59

- inadequate fat-soluble vitamin intake - inability to produce sex-related hormones - inadequate replacement of intramuscular triglycerides

Question 60

The appropriate amount of fat for training and performance depends on:

Answer 60

both overall energy need and macronutrient balance.

Question 61

Why would an endurance athlete limit the amount of fat in a precompetition meal?

Answer 61

delays gastric emptying

Question 62

The mechanism by which caffeine most likely improves endurance performance is that it:

Answer 62

decreases perception of exertion.

Question 63

Why do athletes consume medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a dietary supplement?

Answer 63

They are easily and quickly digested and absorbed compared to other fatty acids.