ch 12 - nervous tissue

Question 1

what does the nervous system include?

Answer 1

brain
spinal cord
receptors
nerves

Question 2

basic functional units of the nervous system are called

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

cells in the nervous tissue

Answer 3

neurons: for intercellular communication

neuroglia: support and protect neurons

Question 4

central nervous system

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord

Question 5

CNS function

Question 6

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 6

all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system

Question 7

PNS function

Answer 7

delivers sensory info to the CNS

Question 8

nerves

Answer 8

bundles of axons w/ associated connective tissues and blood vessels

Question 9

cranial nerves

Answer 9

connect to brain

Question 10

spinal nerves

Answer 10

connect to spinal cord

Question 11

subdivisons of PNS

Answer 11

somatic and autonomic nervous system

Question 12

functional divisions of nervous system

Answer 12

afferent and efferent

Question 13

afferent (to bring toward) division

Answer 13

carries sensory info to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to the CNS

Question 14

receptors

Answer 14

structures that detect stimuli

Question 15

efferent division

Answer 15

carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors

Question 16

effectors

Answer 16

muscles, glands, and adipose tissue which respond to motor comands

Question 17

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 17

controls skeletal muscle ontractions

Question 18

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 18

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands
- involuntary

Question 19

enteric nervous system

Answer 19

-part of ANS
- initiates and coordinates local visceral reflexes

Question 20

4 general regions of neuron

Answer 20

cell body
dendrites
axon
telodendria

Question 21

perikayron

Answer 21

cytoplasm of neuron

Question 22

cytoskeleton contains

Answer 22

neurofilaments
neurotibules
neurofibrils

Question 23

axolemma

Answer 23

plasma membrane of axon

Question 24

initial segment

Answer 24

1st segment of axon

Question 25

axon hillock

Answer 25

thick region that attachs the initial segment to the cell body

Question 26

collaterals

Answer 26

branches of the axon

Question 27

telodendria

Answer 27

fine branches of distal axon or collaterals

Question 28

axon terminals

Answer 28

expanded tips of the telodendria

Question 29

axonal transport

Answer 29

movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals

Question 30

structural classification of neurons

Answer 30

anaxonix, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar

Question 31

anaxonic neurons

Answer 31

small, with many dendrites and no obvious axon

Question 32

bipolar neurons

Answer 32

have one dendrite and one axon

Question 33

unipolar neurons

Answer 33

the axon and the dendrites are continuous, and the soma is off to the side

Question 34

multipolar neurons

Answer 34

have one long axon and 2 or more dendrites

Question 35

functional classifications of neurons

Answer 35

sensory/afferent motor neurons interneurons

Question 36

sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 36

carry info from receptors to CNS - somatic sensory neurons - visceral sensory neurons

Question 37

types of sensory receptors

Answer 37

interoceptors - give information about the internal organs exteroceptors - detecting information from outside the body (5 senses) proprioceptors - awareness of joints

Question 38

motor neurons

Answer 38

carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers - somatic and visceral motor neurons

Question 39

interneurons

Answer 39

neurons located between sensory and motor neurons which integrate the sensory information and coordinate motor commands

Question 40

types of neuroglia in CNS

Answer 40

astrocytes ependymal cells oligodendrocytes microglia

Question 41

types of neuroglia in PNS

Answer 41

satellite cells schwann cells

Question 42

astrocytes

Answer 42

- most numerous neuroglia in the CNS maintain blood brain barrier create 3D framework repair damaged tissue

Question 43

microglia

Answer 43

Phagocytosis of cell debris and wastes

Question 44

ependymal cells

Answer 44

Line ventricles and produces CSF

Question 45

oligodendrocytes

Answer 45

- produces myelin/myelinates CNS axons

Question 46

white matter vs gray matter

Answer 46

W: regions of CNS w/ many myelinated axons G: regions of CNS that contains unmyelinated axons

Question 47

microglia

Answer 47

smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes - remove debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis?

Question 48

satellite cells

Answer 48

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia and regulate interstitial fluid

Question 49

schwann cells

Answer 49

form myelin sheath or indented folds of plasma membrane

Question 50

demyelination

Answer 50

progressive destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS or PNS

Question 51

diptheria

Answer 51

a bacterial disease that damages Schwann cells and destroys myelin sheaths in the PNS.

Question 52

multiple sclerosis

Answer 52

autoimmune disease that destroys myelin in the CNS and leads to problems w/ speech etc

Question 53

membrane threshold

Answer 53

the membrane potential value at which an action potential is triggered

Question 54

Exocytosis and the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft are triggered by

Answer 54

calcium ions flooding into the synaptic terminal

Question 55

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is

Answer 55

a graded depolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter

Question 56

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a

Answer 56

graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 57

the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and functions in learning and memory?

Answer 57

glutamate

Question 58

interneurons are responsible for

Answer 58

analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor outputs

Question 59

Schwann cells are glial cells responsible for

Answer 59

producing a neurilemma around peripheral axons

Question 60

what are 2 ways that a neuron will hyperpolarize?

Answer 60

1. allow more potassium to leave the cell 2. allow more chloride ions in

Question 61

electrochemical gradient for potassium?

Answer 61

The chemical gradient moves potassium out of the cell, while the electrical gradient keeps potassium in the cell.

Question 62

absolute refractory period

Answer 62

absolute: the period when the voltage-gated sodium channels are open and the membrane cannot respond to a new stimulus, even a strong one

Question 63

relative refractory period

Answer 63

enough ions have redistributed across the membrane that a BIG stimulus will cause another action potential to be generated.