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A And P 1 > ch 3 - cellular level of organization > Flashcards

ch 3 - cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer which a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic head

  • Also contains steroids, proteins, and carbs
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2
Q

function of plasma membrane

A
  • controls entry and exit of materials
  • isolation (separates the inside of the cell from the outside)
  • structural support
  • sensitivity to environment
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3
Q

glycocalyx

A

The sticky sugar coat made up of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

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4
Q

glycocalyx function

A
  • lubrication and protection
  • anchoring and locomotion
  • specificity in binding and recognition
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5
Q

what are the 6 types of membrane proteins (IPARRC)

A

integral
peripheral
anchoring
recognition (identifiers)
receptor
carrier

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins permanently attached in the membrane

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7
Q

peripheral proteins

A

proteins temporarily bound to inner or outer surface
- they attach and detach from the cell membrane at different times

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8
Q

anchoring proteins

A

attach to inside or outside structures and stabilize membrane position

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9
Q

recognition proteins (identifiers)

A

label cells as normal or abnormal

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10
Q

receptor proteins

A

binds and responds to ligands

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11
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind and transport specific solutes through the membrane

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12
Q

selective permeability

A

Allowing only some substances to get in and out of the cell

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13
Q

what is a nonmembranous organelle

A

not completely enclosed by a membrane

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14
Q

what is a membranous organelle?

A

an organelle thats surrounded by its own plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are the 7 main nonmembranous organelles?

A

cytoskeleton
ribosomes
proteasomes
microvilli
cilia
flagella
centrosomes + centrioles

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility

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17
Q

what are the 3 cytoskeletal components

A

-Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- microtubules

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18
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of cyndrical structures that helps to organize cell division

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19
Q

ribosomes

A

responsible for making proteins

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20
Q

proteasomes

A

remove and break down damaged or abnormal proteins that have been tagged with ubiquitin

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21
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area to help absorb extracellular materials

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22
Q

cilia

A

long slender hair like extensions of the plasma membrane

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of cilia + their fucntions

A

primary cilia: acts as a sensor

motile cilia: move materials over cell surfaces

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24
Q

flagella

A

long, whiplike extension of the cytoplasm
ex: found on the tail of sperm

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25
centrosomes
essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division
26
what are the 6 main membranous organelles?
ER golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria nucleus
27
endoplasmic reticulum
network of intracellular membranes that function in TRANSPORTING materials, as well as synthesis and storage,
28
golgi apparatus
storage, packaging and delivers proteins and lysosomal enzymes
29
Lysosomes
vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that are responsible for the autolysis of injured cells
30
peroxisomes
carry enzymes that neutralize potentially dangerous free radicals
31
mitochondria
responsible for ATP production
32
nucleus
stores and processes genetic information
33
active cellular process
- requires energy - moves substances against the concentration gradient
34
passive cellular process
- doesn't require energy - moves with the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
35
examples of passive processes
osmosis diffusion - simple and faciliated
36
examples of active processes
endocytosis exocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis
37
osmosis
net flow of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane in responses to differences in solute concentration
38
diffusion
movement of PARTICLES from an area of high to low concentration
39
tonicity
describes how the concentration of solutes in a solution affects cells
40
isotonic
equal concentration of solute as the cell
41
hypotonic
solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell, water ENTERS the cell
42
hypertonic
solution has higher solute concentration than the cell, water rushes out the cell
43
endocytosis
imports extracellular materials packaged INTO vesicles
44
pinocytosis
endocytosis of extracellular fluid
44
what are 2 examples of endocytosis
pino and phagocytosis
45
phagocytosis
endocytosis of solid particles
46
exocytosis
EXPORTS intracellular materials packaged into vesicles
47
transcytosis
endocytosis on one side of the cell and exocytosis on the opposite side allows substances to pass through the cell
48
What are the three components of a cell cytoskeleton?
- Microfilaments: smallest filaments composed of the protein actin - Intermediate filaments: midsize insoluble filaments - Microtubules: largest of the cytoskeletal filaments, hollow tubes composed of the protein tubulin
49
histone function
Vital for DNA packaging and regulation within the cell nucleus, ensuring that genetic material is efficiently organized and accessible when needed
50
mitosis
creates 2 identical daughter cells from 1 cell
51
meiosis
produces 4 genetically different cells for reproduction
52
what are the stages of mitosis
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
53
prophase
chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.
54
metaphase
nucleus dissolves and the chromosomes condense and meet in in the center of the cell
55
Anaphase
the sister chromatids break apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
56
telophase
the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, and two new nuclear membranes form around them, creating two separate nucleus
56
protein synthesis steps
- It involves the production of mRNA from a gene on DNA, which then attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis - The newly synthesized protein is then modified within the RER and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging
57
DNA replication
the process of duplicating the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell accurately
58
dna replication 5 steps
1. unwinding dna strands 2. Binding of DNA polymerase to exposed nitrogenous bases 3. Adding nucleotides to make a complementary strand aka the leading strand 4. Assembling a complimentary copy 5. Splicing together the 2 dna segments into a strand called the lagging strand
59

A And P 1 (41 decks)

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