Ch 13

Question 1

Conflicts among Motives

Answer 1

Approach approach (two equally desirable goals), approach avoidance (both attracts and repels), avoidance avoidance (two equally undesirable goals, can lead to freezing)

Question 2

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 2

when there is a discrepancy between our beliefs and our actions. To resolve this, we can change our behaviour, our beliefs, or add a new cognitive element to rationalize our choices.

Question 3

Rationalizing Risk

Answer 3

The greater the potential benefit relative to the cost, the more likely the behaviour will be engaged. People who take risks do so across many domains in their lives. Called risk-sensitivity theory

Question 4

Delay of gratification means…

Answer 4

short-term gratification is sacrificed for long-term benefit. Children are generally impulse-driven. Those who remain this way throughout life have social and academic problems.

Question 5

Hot and Cool Self-Regulatory Strategies

Answer 5

Hot strategies involve intense focus on object causing temptation and inability to resist immediate reward. Cool strategies involve calmness, and more control over behaviour.

Question 6

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (8)

Answer 6

physiological > safety > belongingness and love > esteem > need to know and understand > aesthetic > self-actualization > transcendence