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Microbiology Viruses > Ch 13 Viruses general > Flashcards

Ch 13 Viruses general Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Do viruses have a lot or few enzymes?

A

few enzymes

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2
Q

The envelope of an Envelope Virus is made of _________.

A

phospholipid.

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3
Q

A more complex Envelope Virus has what structures, from inside out?

A

nucleic acid core
protein coat
envelope
spikes

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4
Q

Which parts of a complex Envelope Virus are antigenic?

A

protein coat, spikes, capsomeres

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5
Q

In 1892, Ivanowsky and Beijerink discovered what?

A

Infectious agent that still went thru a filter

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6
Q

In 1902, Twort & d’Herelle discovered what?

A

a virus that destroyed bacteria. They named it “bacteriophage”.

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7
Q

Few enzymes means what?

A

Few targets for antiviral drugs

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8
Q

Viruses are ____ ______ parasites.

A

obligate intracellular

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9
Q

A virus is

A

intracellular

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10
Q

A virion is

A

outside the cell

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11
Q

Capsomeres are

A

individual proteins that make up the protein coat

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12
Q

How does our immune system identify the cell as infected?

A

by the spikes

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13
Q

What is the matrix of a virus?

A

the space between the protein coat & envelope.

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14
Q

capsid

A

the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core that provides protection for viral nucleic acids and for recognition sites.

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15
Q

A bacteriophage is always _______.

A

complex.

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16
Q

The most important classification for viruses is what?

A

Host

after that is DNA or RNA.

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17
Q

family ends in

A

viridae

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18
Q

genus ends in

A

virus

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19
Q

________ is how we classify viruses in medicine.

A

Route of transmission

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20
Q

Ex’s of enteric viruses

A

coxsacievirus,

poliovirus

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21
Q

Ex’s of respiratory viruses

A

adenovirus, rhinovirus

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22
Q

Ex’s of zoonotic viruses

A 
Rabies
Arbovirus
     -West Nile
     -St. Louis encephalitis
     -Yellow Fever
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23
Q

Ex’s of sexually transmitted diseases

A

Herpes Virus II (HPV-2)
Papilloma virus (HPV)
HIV

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of bacteriophages?

A
  1. lytic
  2. temperate
  3. lysogenic
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25
Lytic Bacteriophage, list the steps of replication.
1. attachment 2. genome entry 3. synthesis 4. assembly 5. release
26
The receptors in the host of lytic bacteriophages are found in:
cell wall, flagella, fimbriae
27
The main difference between a Phage and an Animal Virus is:
Phage - only nucleic acid is injected into the bacterial cell. Animal virus - the entire virus enters the animal cell.
28
A temperate phage is the same as
lysogenic phage
29
the Lambda phage is
a DNA virus; it's host cell is E. Coli
30
A lysogenic bacteriophage that experiences environmental STRESS will
virus exits and enters the lytic cycle, causing a productive infection.
31
In the lysogenic cycle, the virus is
not going to kill the host cell; this allows the virus to go on and on.
32
Integrase is involved in the _____ cycle and allows what to happen?
lysogenic cycle; integrase allows the virus to catalyze/recombine viral and host DNA so they come together.
33
Viral DNA is called a _______.
prophage
34
Lysogenic immunity
lysogeny gives bacteria that carries the prophage immunity so it cannot be infected with that particular virus.
35
Specialized transduction
prophage excises itself with an adjacent piece of bacterial DNA. The virus always has some bacteria from the host on it. Daughter cells will have it, leading to a new strain.
36
Lysogenic conversion
daughters could carry a toxin. | prophage takes host bacterial DNA with it.
37
Ex's of specialized transduction
Vibrio cholerae Corynebacterium diphtheriae Clostridium botulinum Escherichia coli 0157:h7 - hemolytic uremic syndrome, shigella toxin Streptococcus pyogenes - causes Scarlet fever Salmonella enterica - food poisoning
38
generalized transduction
random; any piece of DNA could be picked up, not adjacent
39
Bacterial defenses include:
1. DNA methylation (branding) | 2. Restriction Enzymes (scissors cut DNA)
40
A researcher could count plaque forming units, or PFUs, to find
the viral titer
41
Lytic cycle steps in Animals:
1. Attachment - virus binds to receptor 2. Entire virus coat enters envelope virus - membrane fusion non-envelope virus - endocytosis 3. Uncoating - removal of protein coat 4. Synthesis of DNA virus DNA - nucleus, proofreading ability RNA - cytoplasm, virus carries own RNA polymerase aka: Replicase Retrovirus - reverse transcriptase, no proofreading --> mutations 5. Assembly budding for envelope viruses Apoptosis for Naked Viruses
42
Structure of Naked Viruses
``` genetic material (DNA or RNA) protein coat ```
43
ex's of enteric viruses
coxsacievirus | poliovirus
44
ex's of respiratory viruses?
adenovirus | rhinovirus
45
ex's of zoonotic viruses?
West Nile virus Rabies St. Louis encephalitis Yellow Fever virus
46
Viral proteases are
enzymes that cut viral structures to assemble the virus properly. also good targets for antiviral drugs
47
In an animal virus, release happens in what two ways?
budding (envelope) | apoptosis (naked)
48
char's of an Acute viral infection
short duration, productive (viral particles) give long lasting immunity budding may produce longer symptoms can detect viral particles
49
char's of chronic/persistent infection
long duration detect viral particles over time Hep B, Hep C, HIV
50
Persistent/Latent viral infections
viral particles are NOT detected unless the infection becomes active. DNA viruses may/may not have symptoms, ie: Herpes virus
51
viruses that cause cancer
15% of all human cancers | insert selves into our DNA and turn on oncogenes
52
ex's of virally induced cancers
``` Burkett's Lymphoma Hodgkins dz Kaposis sarcoma Cervical cancer Leukemia HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Liver cancer: HBV, HCV ```
53
All ______ viruses are latent.
herpes simplex
54
HSV-1
cold sores trigeminal nerve ganglia; cranial nerve 5
55
HSV-2
genital herpes 1/4 over age 30 inguinal nerves
56
Which drug is used to treat genital herpes?
Acyclovir, a nucleotide analog
57
HSV-3
chicken pox (early) Varicella zoster (later) - "Shingles"
58
HSV-4
Epstein-Barr virus infects the lymphatic system; assoc w/chronic fatigue syndrome
59
HSV-5
Cytomegalovirus very common 80% linked to low immunity causes: encephalitis, eye infxn, birth defects
60
HSV-8
Kaposis sarcoma cancer of blood vessels seen in older men of Mediterranean descent
61
Which herpes virus causes Shingles?
HSV-3
62
Which herpes virus causes Epstein-Barr virus?
HSV-4
63
Which herpes virus causes chicken pox?
HSV-3
64
Which herpes virus causes genital warts?
HSV-2
65
Which herpes virus causes cold sores?
HSV-1
66
What is the acute form of Hepatitis?
Hep A
67
Which hepatitis can cause a chronic form of hepatitis?
Chronic Hep C, B
68
Which strains of HPV are associated with cancer?
16, 18
69
HPV infects the _____________.
mucus membranes
70
The function(s) of the viral capsid is?
protects nucleic acid involved in recognition of host cell receptors antigenic
71
A naked virus has ____________.
no phospholipds or envelope.
72
The protein subunits that make up a coat of a virus are ______.
capsomeres
73
A lytic phage does which of the following?
inserts its nucleic acid into bacteriophage degrades host DNA early in infection can bring pieces of chromosomal DNA from previous host into a new host
74
A lytic cycle takes how long? This is called the _______.
30 min. / burst time
75
Which are true of a prophage?
it is replicated as the cell replicates can be excised by viral enzymes integrates into host chromosome at a specific site
76
Which can occur during lysogenic infection?
lysogenic conversion lysogenic immunity specialized transduction

Microbiology Viruses (3 decks)

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