Ch 14

Question 1

Agonist

Answer 1

Drug that mimics or increases an effect

Question 2

Antabuse

Answer 2

• Results in sickness after drinking
  – Taking a nausea-inducing drug after drinking, to
  associate the two—learned aversion

Question 3

Antagonist

Answer 3

Drug that blocks a neurotransmitter

Question 4

Methadone

Answer 4

• Combat Opiate Abuse
• safer alternative
  Similar to heroin and morphine
  Activates same brain receptors and produces same effects
  – Can be taken orally, absorbs slowly, and leaves the brain
  slowly
• “Rush” and withdrawal both reduced

Question 5

tolerance

Answer 5

• Decrease in effect as an addiction develops
  – Drug tolerance is learned, to a large extent

Question 6

withdrawl

Answer 6

• Body’s reaction to absence of the drug
  – One hypothesis is that addictive behavior is an attempt to
  avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 7

bipolar disorder

Answer 7

( manic-depressive disorder)
– Characterized by alternating states of depression and
mania

Question 8

major depression

Answer 8

Absence of happiness is a more reliable symptom than
increased sadness
- some people suffer long-term depression
- more common periodic episodes of depression

Question 9

mania

Answer 9

restless activity, excitement, laughter, selfconfidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibition

Question 10

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 10

• Form of depression that regularly occurs during a
  particular season, such as winter
  -Patients with SAD have phase-delayed sleep and
  temperature rhythms

Question 11

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 11

(antidepressant drug)
- block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
- similar to work of trcyclics but specifci to ^
- ex: fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft),
fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine
(Paxil)

Question 12

tricyclics

Answer 12

(antidepressant drug)
- lock transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin,
dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic
neuron after release
- Also block histamine receptors, acetylcholine receptors,
and certain sodium channels
– Side-effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, difficulty
urinating, and heart irregularities

Question 13

antipsychotic, or neuroleptic, drugstricyclics

Answer 13

• Category of drugs tend to relieve schizophrenia and
  similar conditions
• block dopamine synapses

Question 14

delusions

Answer 14

unjustifiable beliefs

Question 15

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 15

schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine
synapses in certain areas of the brain

Question 16

hallucinations

Answer 16

hearing voices

Question 17

negative symptoms

Answer 17

• Absent behaviors that should be present (weak emotion,
  speech, and socialization)
  – Usually stable over time and difficult to treat

Question 18

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Answer 18

• Abnormalities occur in prenatal or neonatal nervous
  system development
• Leaves the developing brain vulnerable to disturbances
  later in life
  – Result: mild abnormalities of brain anatomy and major
  abnormalities in behavior

Question 19

positive symptoms

Answer 19

• behaviors that are present that should be absent
  – Examples: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized
  speech, and disorganized behavior

Question 20

tardive dyskinesia

Question 21

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 21

• includes people with varying degrees of difficulty
  – Ranges from relatively mild to severe
• characteristics: Deficits in social and emotional exchange
• Deficits in nonverbal communication, resistant to change in routine

Question 22

folic acid

Answer 22

Adequate amounts of folic acid during pregnancy halves
the risk of having an autistic child