Chapter 6 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Amplitude
refers to the intensity of the sound wave
Cochlea
a snail shaped structure in the inner ear
- contains three fluid-filled tunnels
Conductive deafness (middle ear deafness)
Occurs if bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
- cause : infection, disease, tumor bone
- treatment : surgery, hearing aid
Frequency
the # of compressions per second
- measured in hertz (Hz)
-related to pitch (high or low)
Hair cells
auditory receptors that lie between the basilar membrane and and the tectorial membrane in the cochlea
- when displaced by vibrations in the fluid of coch, they excite the cells of the auditory nerve by opening ion channels
Nerve deafness (inner ear deafness)
Results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
- confined in one part of coch / ppl hear only certain types of frequencies
- inherited / prenatal problems/ early childhood disorders
Oval window
- a membrane in the inner ear
- transmits waves through the viscous fluid of the inner ear
Pitch
the related aspect of perception.
- sounds higher in frequency are higher in pitch
Primary auditory cortex (area A1)
the destination for most info from the auditory system
-located in superior temporal cortex
- hemi receives info from the opposite ear
Endorphins
group of chemicals that attach to the same
brain receptors as morphine
- diff endo for diff pains
Gate theory
an attempt to explain why some people withstand pain better than others and why the same injury hurts worse at some times than others.
- spinal cord neurons that receive messages from pain receptors also receive input from touch receptors and from axons descending from the brain. These other inputs can close
the “gates” for the pain messages by releasing endorphins
Opioid mechanisms
are systems that are sensitive to opioid drugs and similar chemicals
Placebo
a drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects. Placebos have little influence on most conditions, but they often relieve pain, depression, and anxiety
Semicircular canals
are filled with a jellylike substance
and hair cells that are activated when the head moves
Somatosensory system
sensation of the body and its movements
-discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold,
warmth, pain
* Touch receptors may be:
– Simple bare neuron ending
– A modified dendrite (Merkel disks)
– An elaborated neuron ending
– A bare ending surrounded by non-neural cells that modify its function
Stimulation opens sodium channels to trigger an action potential
Adaption
reflects the fatigue of receptors sensitive
to sour tastes
Olfaction
the sense of smell
- detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose
Papillae
structures on the surface of the tongue that
contain the taste buds
- Each papillae may contain ten or more taste buds
Pheromones
chemicals released by an animal that affect the behavior of other members of the same species.
Supertasters
higher sensitivity to all tastes and mouth sensations in general
Synethesia
is the experience some people have
in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense and another one also
Taste buds
contains approximately 50 receptors
- located along the outside edge of
the tongue in humans
