Ch. 14 - Carbohydrates

Question 0

Disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose

Answer 0

Sucrose

Question 1

5 examples of monosaccharides

Answer 1

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose
• ribose
• deoxyribose

Question 2

Disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

Answer 2

Lactose

Question 3

Disaccharide made up of 2 glucose units

Answer 3

Maltose

Question 4

2 components of sucrose

Answer 4

• glucose

- fructose

Question 5

2 components of lactose

Answer 5

• Glucose

- galactose

Question 6

2 components of maltose

Answer 6

2 glucose units

Question 7

3 examples of polysaccharides

Answer 7

• cellulose
• glycogen
• starch

Question 8

Only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 9

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 9

Hexokinase

Question 10

Conversion of non-carbohydrate substances such as amino acids, fatty acids, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol to glycose

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

Question 11

Conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage

Answer 11

Glycogenesis

Question 12

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

Answer 12

Glycogenolysis

Question 13

Net gain of ATP in anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 13

2 mol of ATP

Question 14

Enzyme that converts glucose to glycogen

Answer 14

Glycogen synthase

Question 15

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Answer 15

Glycolysis

Question 16

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 16

Lipogenesis

Question 17

Decomposition of fat

Answer 17

Lipolysis

Question 18

Organ that produces insulin

Answer 18

B-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 19

The only hormone that decreases glucose levels

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

Hypoglycemic agent

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

4 actions of insulin

Answer 21

• increases glycogenesis
• increases glycolysis
• increases lipogenesis
• decreases glycogenolysis

Question 22

Primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels

Answer 22

Glucagon

Question 23

Organ that produces glucagon

Answer 23

A-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancrease

Question 24

Hyperglycemic agent

Answer 24

Glucagon

Question 25

2 actions of glucagon

Answer 25

- increases glycogenolysis | - increases gluconeogenesis

Question 26

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that decreases insulin secretion, and increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 26

Epinephrine

Question 27

Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that increases gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 28

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases glycolysis

Answer 28

Growth hormone

Question 29

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis

Answer 29

ACTH

Question 30

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

Thyroxine

Question 31

Hormone produced by the D-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Answer 31

Somatostatin

Question 32

Organ that produces somatostatin

Answer 32

D-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Question 33

Number of amino acids in the A chain of insulin

Answer 33

21 amino acids

Question 34

Number of amino acids in the B chain of insulin

Answer 34

30 amino acids

Question 35

Bond that links together the A and B chains of insulin

Answer 35

Disulfide bonds

Question 36

Type of bond formed by carbohydrates

Answer 36

Glycosidic bonds

Question 37

Insulin level which results to diabetes mellitus. In such cases, glucose should be measured concomitantly with insulin level.

Answer 37

Insulin deficiency

Question 38

Insulin level seen in insulin-resistant patients.

Answer 38

Increased insulin secretion

Question 39

Insulin level seen in insulinomas. Patients show decreased glucose (<50 mg/dL) and elevated insulin and proinsulin levels

Answer 39

Unregulated excessive insulin secretion

Question 40

2 interferences in measurement of insulin, c-peptide and proinsulin

Answer 40

- hemolysis | - insulin antibodies

Question 41

Rate of glucose metabolism in specimen at room temperature

Answer 41

7 mg/dL/hr

Question 42

Rate of glucose metabolism of specimen at 4 degrees Celsius

Answer 42

2 mg/dL/hr

Question 43

Time frame for the separation of serum from the cells for glucose measurement

Answer 43

Within 30 minutes

Question 44

Preservative used if serum will not be separated from the cells within 30 minutes; prevents glycolysis

Answer 44

Sodium fluoride

Question 45

How long is serum or plasma glucose stable when refrigerated

Answer 45

48 hours

Question 46

Specimen that gives a decreased glucose reading compared to plasma/serum

Answer 46

Whole blood (capillary blood): 10-15% lower

Question 47

Mass of sodium fluoride added to whole blood to prevent glycolysis for up to 48 hours while refrigeration

Answer 47

2 mg sodium fluoride/mL of whole blood

Question 48

Specimen commonly used to measure blood glucose using whole blood glucose monitoring devices

Answer 48

Capillary blood

Question 49

3 enzymatic methods used in the measurement of glucose

Answer 49

- glucose dehydrogenase - glucose oxidase - hexokinase

Question 50

Enzyme that converts alpha-D-glucose to beta-D-glucose

Answer 50

Mutarotase

Question 51

Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Answer 51

Diabetes mellitus

Question 52

Type of diabetes with autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas

Answer 52

Type 1 DM

Question 53

Type of DM where there is absolute deficiency of insulin secretion

Answer 53

Type 1 DM

Question 54

Type of DM that is juvenile onset

Answer 54

Type 1 DM

Question 55

Type of DM with tendency to ketoacidosis

Answer 55

Type 1 DM