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Clinical Chemistry > Ch. 14 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Ch. 14 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

Disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

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1
Q

5 examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • ribose
  • deoxyribose
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2
Q

Disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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3
Q

Disaccharide made up of 2 glucose units

A

Maltose

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4
Q

2 components of sucrose

A
  • glucose

- fructose

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5
Q

2 components of lactose

A
  • Glucose

- galactose

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6
Q

2 components of maltose

A

2 glucose units

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7
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides

A
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
  • starch
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8
Q

Only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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10
Q

Conversion of non-carbohydrate substances such as amino acids, fatty acids, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol to glycose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

Conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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12
Q

Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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13
Q

Net gain of ATP in anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 mol of ATP

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14
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogen synthase

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15
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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17
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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18
Q

Organ that produces insulin

A

B-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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19
Q

The only hormone that decreases glucose levels

A

Insulin

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20
Q

Hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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21
Q

4 actions of insulin

A
  • increases glycogenesis
  • increases glycolysis
  • increases lipogenesis
  • decreases glycogenolysis
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22
Q

Primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels

A

Glucagon

23
Q

Organ that produces glucagon

A

A-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancrease

24
Q

Hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

25
Q

2 actions of glucagon

A
  • increases glycogenolysis

- increases gluconeogenesis

26
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that decreases insulin secretion, and increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Epinephrine

27
Q

Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that increases gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

28
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases glycolysis

A

Growth hormone

29
Q

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis

A

ACTH

30
Q

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Thyroxine

31
Q

Hormone produced by the D-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

Somatostatin

32
Q

Organ that produces somatostatin

A

D-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

33
Q

Number of amino acids in the A chain of insulin

A

21 amino acids

34
Q

Number of amino acids in the B chain of insulin

A

30 amino acids

35
Q

Bond that links together the A and B chains of insulin

A

Disulfide bonds

36
Q

Type of bond formed by carbohydrates

A

Glycosidic bonds

37
Q

Insulin level which results to diabetes mellitus. In such cases, glucose should be measured concomitantly with insulin level.

A

Insulin deficiency

38
Q

Insulin level seen in insulin-resistant patients.

A

Increased insulin secretion

39
Q

Insulin level seen in insulinomas. Patients show decreased glucose (<50 mg/dL) and elevated insulin and proinsulin levels

A

Unregulated excessive insulin secretion

40
Q

2 interferences in measurement of insulin, c-peptide and proinsulin

A
  • hemolysis

- insulin antibodies

41
Q

Rate of glucose metabolism in specimen at room temperature

A

7 mg/dL/hr

42
Q

Rate of glucose metabolism of specimen at 4 degrees Celsius

A

2 mg/dL/hr

43
Q

Time frame for the separation of serum from the cells for glucose measurement

A

Within 30 minutes

44
Q

Preservative used if serum will not be separated from the cells within 30 minutes; prevents glycolysis

A

Sodium fluoride

45
Q

How long is serum or plasma glucose stable when refrigerated

A

48 hours

46
Q

Specimen that gives a decreased glucose reading compared to plasma/serum

A

Whole blood (capillary blood): 10-15% lower

47
Q

Mass of sodium fluoride added to whole blood to prevent glycolysis for up to 48 hours while refrigeration

A

2 mg sodium fluoride/mL of whole blood

48
Q

Specimen commonly used to measure blood glucose using whole blood glucose monitoring devices

A

Capillary blood

49
Q

3 enzymatic methods used in the measurement of glucose

A
  • glucose dehydrogenase
  • glucose oxidase
  • hexokinase
50
Q

Enzyme that converts alpha-D-glucose to beta-D-glucose

A

Mutarotase

51
Q

Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

A

Diabetes mellitus

52
Q

Type of diabetes with autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas

A

Type 1 DM

53
Q

Type of DM where there is absolute deficiency of insulin secretion

A

Type 1 DM

54
Q

Type of DM that is juvenile onset

A

Type 1 DM

55
Q

Type of DM with tendency to ketoacidosis

A

Type 1 DM

Clinical Chemistry (4 decks)

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