Ch. 14 - Mendel & the Gene Idea Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
A heritable feature that varies among individuals
A
Character
2
Q
Each variant for a character
A
Trait
3
Q
Plants who, over many generations of self-pollination, have produced only the same variety of the parental plant
A
True-breeding
4
Q
The mating (or crossing) of two true-breeding varieties for different traits
A
Hybridization
5
Q
Parental generation
A
P generation or P1 generation
6
Q
First filial generation
A
F1 generation
7
Q
Second filial generation
A
F2 generation
8
Q
Alternate versions of a gene
A
Alleles
9
Q
The allele that controls the phenotype of a heterozygote
A
Dominant allele
10
Q
The allele in a heterozygote with no noticeable phenotypic effects
A
Recessive allele
11
Q
The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
A
Law of Segregation
12
Q
A handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
A
Punnett Square
13
Q
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character
A
Homozygote
14
Q
Having a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character
A
Homozygous
15
Q
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene
A
Heterozygote
16
Q
Having two different alleles for a gene
A
Heterozygous
17
Q
An organism’s appearance or observable traits
A
Phenotype
18
Q
An organism’s genetic makeup
A
Genotype
19
Q
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote
A
Testcross
20
Q
All the F1 progeny produced in crosses of true-breeding parents following one trait
A
Monohybrids
21
Q
A cross between heterozygotes for one trait
A
Monohybrid cross
22
Q
The F1 plants produced in a cross between two true-breeding varieties differing for two traits being observed
A
Dihybrids
23
Q
A cross between dihybrids
A
Dihybrid cross
24
Q
Two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles - during gamete formation
A
Law of Independent Assortment
25
To determine the probability of multiple events, multiply the probability of one event by the other(s) to see the probability of the total event
Multiplication rule
26
The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities
Addition rule
27
Genes having multiple phenotypic effects
Pleiotropy
28
Characters that vary along a continuum
Quantitative characters
29
Degree of dominance in which one allele completely controls the phenotype of the heterozygote
Complete dominance
30
In which neither allele shows through in the heterozygote, but a new, intermediate phenotype does
Incomplete dominance
31
Degree of dominance in which both alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Codominance
32
An inherited disease in humans that expresses incomplete dominance; the brain cells of a homozygote cannot metabolize certain lipids
Tay-Sachs Disease
33
The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
Epistasis
34
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
Polygenic inheritance
35
Meaning that many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype
Multifactorial
36
A family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generation
Pedigree
37
A technique to test for Tay-Sachs Disease in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uteris through the cervix and some of the placenta is removed for testing
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
38
Heterozygotes which are phenotypically normal for a disorder, but may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring
Carriers
39
The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States (caused by a recessive allele)
Cystic Fibrosis
40
The most common inherited disorder among people of African descent
Sickle-Cell Disease
41
A degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the affected individual is approximately 35 to 45 years old
Huntington's Disease
42
One of the tests done to a fetus to tst for Tay-Sachs Disease, in which a needle is inserted into the uteris and 10mL of amniotic fluid are extracted during the fifteenth week of pregnancy
Amniocentesis
43
# Define the following term:
Character
A heritable feature that varies among individuals
44
# Define the following term:
Trait
Each variant for a character
45
# Define the following term:
True-breeding
Plants who, over many generations of self-pollination, have produced only the same variety of the parental plant
46
# Define the following term:
Hybridization
The mating (or crossing) of two true-breeding varieties for different traits
47
# Define the following term:
P generation or P1 generation
Parental generation
48
# Define the following term:
F1 generation
First filial generation
49
# Define the following term:
F2 generation
Second filial generation
50
# Define the following term:
Alleles
Alternate versions of a gene
51
# Define the following term:
Dominant allele
The allele that controls the phenotype of a heterozygote
52
# Define the following term:
Recessive allele
The allele in a heterozygote with no noticeable phenotypic effects
53
# Define the following term:
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
54
# Define the following term:
Punnett Square
A handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
55
# Define the following term:
Homozygote
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character
56
# Define the following term:
Homozygous
Having a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character
57
# Define the following term:
Heterozygote
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene
58
# Define the following term:
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a gene
59
# Define the following term:
Phenotype
An organism's appearance or observable traits
60
# Define the following term:
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup
61
# Define the following term:
Testcross
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote
62
# Define the following term:
Monohybrids
All the F1 progeny produced in crosses of true-breeding parents following one trait
63
# Define the following term:
Monohybrid cross
A cross between heterozygotes for one trait
64
# Define the following term:
Dihybrids
The F1 plants produced in a cross between two true-breeding varieties differing for two traits being observed
65
# Define the following term:
Dihybrid cross
A cross between dihybrids
66
# Define the following term:
Law of Independent Assortment
Two or more genes assort independently - that is, each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles - during gamete formation
67
# Define the following term:
Multiplication rule
To determine the probability of multiple events, multiply the probability of one event by the other(s) to see the probability of the total event
68
# Define the following term:
Addition rule
The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities
69
# Define the following term:
Pleiotropy
Genes having multiple phenotypic effects
70
# Define the following term:
Quantitative characters
Characters that vary along a continuum
71
# Define the following term:
Complete dominance
Degree of dominance in which one allele completely controls the phenotype of the heterozygote
72
# Define the following term:
Incomplete dominance
In which neither allele shows through in the heterozygote, but a new, intermediate phenotype does
73
# Define the following term:
Codominance
Degree of dominance in which both alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
74
# Define the following term:
Tay-Sachs Disease
An inherited disease in humans that expresses incomplete dominance; the brain cells of a homozygote cannot metabolize certain lipids
75
# Define the following term:
Epistasis
The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus
76
# Define the following term:
Polygenic inheritance
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
77
# Define the following term:
Multifactorial
Meaning that many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype
78
# Define the following term:
Pedigree
A family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generation
79
# Define the following term:
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A technique to test for Tay-Sachs Disease in which a narrow tube is inserted into the uteris through the cervix and some of the placenta is removed for testing
80
# Define the following term:
Carriers
Heterozygotes which are phenotypically normal for a disorder, but may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring
81
# Define the following term:
Cystic Fibrosis
The most common lethal genetic disease in the United States (caused by a recessive allele)
82
# Define the following term:
Sickle-Cell Disease
The most common inherited disorder among people of African descent
83
# Define the following term:
Huntington's Disease
A degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the affected individual is approximately 35 to 45 years old
84
# Define the following term:
Amniocentesis
One of the tests done to a fetus to tst for Tay-Sachs Disease, in which a needle is inserted into the uteris and 10mL of amniotic fluid are extracted during the fifteenth week of pregnancy
