Ch. 14: Multiple Dwellings Flashcards
(283 cards)
1
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #1)
- Multiple dwellings are bldgs that house ___ families?
- In some areas, MD’s are called?
A
- 3 or more families
* Apartment houses or tenements
2
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #2)
- MD’s pose high life hazards regardless of time of day bc?
- Firefighting tactics must place an extremely high priority on searching all apartments (where):
A
- Varying sleep patterns of residents
- On & above fire floor – bc occupants may not become aware of the fire until their means of egress has been blocked.
3
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #3)
MD’s often have a number of construction features that create difficult fire control problems such as stacking ___ over the one below:
A
Stacking kitchens & bathrooms
4
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #4)
CFPC – Creating a ___ that’s runs the entire height of the bldg:
This is an avenue for:
A
- Pipe chases.
* Vertical extension.
5
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #5)
In larger apartment bldgs, officer in command must take into account the ___ factor necessary to implement a tactic. This requires what ability?
A
Time
6
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #6)
In larger apartment bldgs, officer in command must take into account the time factor necessary to implement a tactic. This requires the ability to recognize:
A
- Recognize situation as it currently exists & project what the situation will become during time it takes to set up.
- Ex – couch fire on 6th floor.
7
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #7)
1 of 1st difficulties that may be encountered is simply to recognize the presence of a MD. Many homes have been converted (legally & illegally) to MDs. Illegal conversions are usually a greater life hazard, since fire safety features required of legal MDs may be absent, such as:
A
- Enclosed stairways
- Fire escapes
- Sprinkler system
8
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #8)
There are several ways to recognize multiple dwellings apart from their size & obvious indications. Counting ___ or ___ on the exterior should be a tip off, since there is usually 1 per apartment:
A
Gas or electric meters
9
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #9)
There are several ways to recognize multiple dwellings apart from their size & obvious indications. In addition to gas/electric meters, other indicators include:
A
- Counting gas/electric meters, doorbells, mailboxes.
- Fire escapes (may find 1 on larger 1 or 2 story homes).
- Information received as part of alarm (such as “smoke on apt 4”)
10
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #10)
Once inside of a MD – the presence of padlocks on interior rooms usually indicates the presence of:
A
SRO or (Single Room Occupancies)
11
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #11)
An SRO is:
A
Tenant or family rents a room & shares facilities w/ other occupants.
12
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #12)
An SRO is:
A
Tenant or family rents a room & shares facilities w/ other occupants.
(duplicate)
13
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #13)
SROs – Normally each and every room must be forced & searched, since even those padlocked from the outside have been found to contain:
A
Children locked in by their parents
14
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #14)
SROs – Unfortunately, the ___ areas, where these types of occupancies are found are also the areas with the highest incidence of fires:
A
Low income
15
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #15)
The loss of life in MDs is often compounded by ___ that promote a fast spreading fire:
A
Building features
16
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #16)
The loss of life in MDs is often compounded by bldg fearues that promote a fast spreading fire. There is a ___ in many older MDs that runs from the ground level to the roof. Leading to a rapid ___ on the upper floors:
A
- Open staircase
- Mushrooming
- (stairway acts as a chimney)
17
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #17)
In NYC in late 1890’s – series of catastrophic fires in tenements showed the need for separating apartments from this variable chimney by some fire resistant material. As result most apts now equipped with:
A
- Fire rated doors
* Stairwell is usually a fire-rated enclosure as well.
18
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #18)
CFPC – This will serve to keep fire within apartment or fire in the hall from extending into the apartment, but only as long as:
A
The doors remain closed
19
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #19)
If an occupant leaves an apartment door open, the fire has ready access to the stairs. For this reason, many codes require these doors be equipped with:
A
Approved self-closing devices
20
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #20)
Unfortunately, many people remove this critical safety factor by disabling the self-closing device for their own convenience. This is especially true in:
A
- Sr. citizen apartment complexes
- Complexes housing disabled occupants who must use wheelchairs or walkers.
- (The self closing device makes it more difficult for them enter/exit their apts)
21
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #21)
Larger MDs require a means of bringing ventilation & daylight into rooms (where) of the bldg:
A
In the middle of the bldg
22
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #22)
Larger MD’s require means of bringing ventilation & daylight to the rooms in the middle of the bldg. These light & airshafts pose a danger of fire extending horizontally across the shaft (often bypassing a fire wall), as well as vertically due to:
A
Auto exposure or lapping flames
23
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #23)
CFPC – This is common because of the ___ layout:
Which is often:
A
- Window layout
* Often directly above or opposite the window of the fire apartment
24
Q
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #24)
14-4: ___ between MDs present serious exposure problems to the adjoining bldg sections:
A
Light and airshafts
25
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #25)
Cont. from NC 23 & 24: Since there is no roof to cause ___, this means fire spread isn’t as rapid as it is up the staircase. But must check for it, and if necessary position hoselines to cut it off:
Mushrooming
26
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #26)
While awaiting the arrival of a hoseline, search crews can slow the entry of the fire by:
* Removing combustible materials from (curtains, etc) from windows,
* Judicious use of extinguishers/pots of water from sink.
* Cont. on next card.
27
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #27)
Another method that may work is to open a wind or door (where):
Opposite the shaft in the exposed apartment.
28
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #28)
Fire venting into a fairly narrow shaft creates a:
Rather strong updraft
29
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #29)
MDs are often found to contain many other types of shafts. Each of which has potential for spreading fire, heat & smoke to the upper stories. Types of shafts include:
* Stairwells
* Elevators
* Compactor chutes
30
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #30)
The 2 greatest threats to the structure in the event of fire are from (which shafts):
* Pipe chases
| * Channel rails
31
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #31)
Channel rails are:
The furred-out spaces around vertical steel columns.
32
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #32)
Elevators are generally required to be built with at least ___ ratings.
2 hours fire-resistance rating
33
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #33)
Elevators are generally required to be built with at least 2 hr fire resistance ratings. And they don’t generally account for serious extension hazards, although they may transmit __ & ___ rapidly:
Smoke & heat
34
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #34)
* Economy of construction often results in ___ & ___ being located back-to-back in adjacent apartments:
* This is because:
* Bathrooms & kitchens.
| * 1 riser can feed all faucets.
35
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #35)
Carrying this procedure further, builders usually align kitchens & baths from floor to floor. When fire has involved either a kitchen or bathroom, it must then be a priority to get (where), to see whether there is fire traveling within pipe chase:
The same location on the floor directly above and top floor.
36
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #36)
Whenever you are searching for fire or taking a line above the fire and you are working in very heavy smoke conditions, try to find a wall directly behind the ___ and open it up:
Toilet
37
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #37)
The ___ requires the largest diameter pipe, so it is usually in this wall that the largest pipe chase is located:
Toilet
38
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #39)
…..they should feel each soil pipe that comes through the roof. If hot – it indicates fire is traveling up that pipe chase. Inform M’s below & begin ventilation on the roof adjoining the pipe. By cutting & pulling a hole over this chase, you will:
* Let fire go straight up
| * And slow horizontal extension into the cockloft.
39
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #40)
The channel rail void is more difficult to locate than the plumbing chase, since we don’t have any ___ to tip us off where it might be:
Outward sign
40
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #41)
Channel rail voids may be found in any bldg that is built with ___ supporting the floors:
Steel columns or I-Beams
41
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #42)
Since channel rail voids are a structural requirement, rather than a lifestyle feature, they can appear anywhere on floor layout. Usually an architect will try to hide them within:
* Walls – where their extra thickness won’t be noticed.
| * Such as in a closet.
42
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #43)
14-6: A channel rail is a steel column that runs the height of the bldg and supports (what):
CRV’s are often boxed out with ___ & offer fire a highway for extension to the cockloft.
* Horizontal girders
| * Wood lath
43
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #44)
If you see a projection from a wall or ceiling where the beam is boxed out, open up around it 1st. If you have no indication of where the beams are located, begin a time-consuming man hunt.
Channel Rail – It helps to know in which bldg you will find them & where they will be located to speed your efforts.
44
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #45)
Generally, steel framing is used in Class ___ bldgs, that are more than ___ wide:
* C3 (ordinary or non-fireproof construction)
| * 25’
45
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
Section: (NC #46)
When you find fire in any vertical void, you must be certain to check to check (2):
* Top of shaft – where it enters the cockloft.
| * Bottom – falling embers could result in fire below operating forces.
46
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #47)
CFPC - It is usually best to send someone who has actually seen the location of the voids that the fire is in to show people where they are, rather than try to:
Explain it over the radio
47
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #48)
Operations in MDs where so many people may be trapped should focus on removing ___ first, while protecting ___:
* Those in greatest danger 1st
| * Greatest # in place.
48
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #50)
Ops in MDs where so many people may be trapped should focus on removing those in greatest danger 1st while protecting the greatest # in place. Means - getting 1st line to protect the interior stairway, regardless if people are showing out windows. The only deviation from this plan should be:
* Where victims are being directly threatened by fire & a hoseline is needed to keep the fire away from them -or-
* When a ladder must be raised to remove them immediately & no other personnel are available (incl. civilians) to help raise the ladder.
49
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #51)
CFPC ¬– Person screaming & waving for help can at least scream & wave, people who are overcome cannot. They need assistance more than those clamoring at the window. In this regard, all available personnel should be committed to:
Getting 1st hoseline stretched & operating before beginning to stretch 2nd & 3rd lines.
50
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #52)
The importance of quickly positioning a line to protect the main vertical artery, which is ___ cannot be overemphasized. Lose it & there’s a good chance of losing at least top of bldg, not to mention any occupants still above the fire:
Interior staircase
51
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #53)
14-7: Even a 2 room fire in a typical apt bldg is a serious problem, since the potential for ___ & ___ is enormous. The danger is greatest for lower-floor fires.
* Fire spread
| * Life hazard
52
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #54)
Maintaining control over interior stairway can cause delays in the actual ___:
Fire attack
53
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #55)
Maintaining control over interior stairway can cause delays in the actual fire attack. Occupants in upper floors may be descending the open staircase while line is ready to advance. The door to ___ must be kept close in this case:
Fire apartment – keep smoke & fire within apt until stairway is cleared of occupants.
54
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #56)
CFPC – During this time, it is helpful to send a member with an axe or other heavy tool to break any windows that are found on:
* Floor landing or
| * On the stair between the fire floor and floor above.
55
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #57)
Windows on stair half-landings are often glazed with ___ and require a lot of work to clear. A heavy tool is mandatory. Ventilation provided is very beneficial, particularly when ventilation (where) is delayed:
* Glazed with wired glass
| * At the top of the stairs
56
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #58)
F/E techniques used at MD fires should reflect this desire to maintain control of the door to the fire area. 2 practices that aren’t recommended:
* Knocking out part of the door panels
* Removing door entirely from its hinges
• (if there’s any problem with fire control, fire may extend out into staircase area)
57
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #59)
CFPC – A fire in MDs is a made-to-order situation for ___ tools:
Hydraulic F/E tools
58
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC #60)
14-10: The HFT is essential in MDs, where large # of doors may be to be forced. Ensure that the Halligan & are available for ___ doors & in case:
* Outward swinging
| * HFT breaks
59
Ch. 14: Norman - Multiple Dwellings
(NC 61)
(From NC 59): HFT will ensure entry to these doors via the ___ in nearly all cases, leaving the door intact on its hinges.
Side of the lock
60
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #62)
With an HFT, 1 M can force all doors on a floor within minutes, while other personnel begin the search of the apartments. This is particularly critical when the f/e is being performed (where):
In the open stairway landing directly above the fire apartment.
(members above can rapidly gain entry to 1 or more areas of refuge should fire extend into public hall or stairs)
61
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #63)
When going above a fire to search, be sure to force entry first into an apt other than (which one & why):
* The 1 directly over the fire.
* If then force entry into apt directly over the fire and find it full of extending fire – you have an escape route, even id stairs become blocked.
62
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #64)
14-11L When searching the floor above the fire, 1st force the door to an apt. other than (which one), to create a safe refuge area if fire vents up the stair.
The 1 over the fire apartment
63
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #65)
Multiple intermediate size lines are sufficient for fires in MDs confined to a single apt or even those that have extended through to the above floor. If heavy fire showing is showing (in how many units), its time to use 2½”:
2 or more apartments on 1 floor
64
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #66)
At times, the volume of fire present in a single apartment can be more than can be handled with even a single 2½”. This is most common when ___. And it happens most often in ___ bldgs:
* Wind is blowing back into the apt.
| * Fire resistive blgs (but has happened in C3 bldgs)
65
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #67)
The decision as to what size line is required, should be based on a ___:
Realistic size-up
66
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #68)
Apart from holding the hoseline in the lobby until someone climbs all the way to the fire floor to verify the proper stairway (which may have to be done at large-area complexes), the fastest method of selecting stairways is to:
Have a member climb to 2nd floor & locate the proper apartment line.
67
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #69)
CFPC – Apts in most of these bldgs are designed to with ___ systems:
Alphanumeric systems (such as 5B)
68
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #70)
Alphanumeric systems – the letter and # mean (usually)
* Number is floor
* Letter is unit
* (Similarly lettered apts are stacked – 4B below 5B, etc)
69
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #71)
The layout of the ___ floor shouldn’t be taken as indicative of the upper floors. Why?
* Ground floor.
| * Ground floor is often different bc of lobbies, machinery rooms, offices, stores, etc.
70
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #72)
If fire reported in 5B & M on 2nd floor finds apt 2B just off the stair case, the M should check at least 1 more door to find 2A or 2C, then call to have line stretched. That way, if B line of apts is not found in that area, it is quick enough to:
Drop down to the lobby and check the other stairways.
71
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #73)
CFPC – This kind of stairway is called_
Why:
* Isolated stairway
| * Members will be isolated from the fire area if they choose the improper stair.
72
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #74)
Wing stair – where a stairway provides access to only (which apartments):
Those apts in a particular wing
73
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #75)
Alphanumeric systems usually indicate the floor by means of a ___ and the apartment line by ___. But this isn’t always the case:
* Floor – number
* Apt. line – letter
* (at times, letter may designate the floor)
74
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #76)
All responding personnel must be told what they are dealing with when assigned to:
Stretch hoselines or make searches
75
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #77)
1 of simplest styles is a smaller bldg that only has 1 staircase. This makes it simple fir us bc, we have to use that staircase. But often deadly for occupants bc:
The staircase can be rapidly blocked by fire on lower floors.
76
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #78)
14-13: A bldg that has only 1 staircase can easily find occupants of upper floors trapped by fire that extends in the hall or stairway. In Class ___ or ___ bldgs, an alternate escape route is the exterior fire escape:
Class 3 & Class 5
77
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #79)
14-14: Wing stairs may be found in larger bldgs. They are in effect ___ stairs, that serve only that wing:
Single stairs
78
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #80)
14-15: ___ stairs create all of the problems of wing stairs or single stairs:
Isolated stairs
79
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #81)
In some cases, apts in the throat between the wings (H bldg) may have 2 exits, 1 to each staircase. These apts are not equipped with ___, since the 2 wings are supposed to provide them with alternate escape routes:
Outside fire escapes
80
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #82)
The presence of single, isolated, or wing stairs is critical preplanning information the IC needs in order to develop an ___ and implement ___:
* Effective strategy
| * Correct tactics
81
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #83)
Knowing how to find the # layout can pay huge dividends at larger bldgs, even when all of the staircases connect to a common hallway on each floor. This arrangement is often called ___ stairs:
Transverse stairs
82
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #84)
Transverse stairs allows FFs to:
Cross over (transverse) from 1 stairway to another on all floors.
83
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #85)
14-16: Transverse stairs are very helpful to fire operations, allowing multiple approaches (and exits) to the fire area. Multiple hoselines can be stretched w/ out interfering w/ each other. But care must be taken to avoid:
Opposing hose streams
84
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #86)
The nearest stairway to the fire area may be remote from the main entrance. In this case, it is better to stretch (where) ___ and attack the fire:
• Across the bldg on the floor below.
* Out of heat & smoke, and
* Come out of the nearest stairway to attack the fire.
* (Particularly if door to fire unit has been left open & hall is black, plus can see apt line on floor below for location of fire, TIC invaluable to locating apt door in such conditions)
85
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #87)
Where the staircase maintains a constant location on each floor, these are called:
Return stairs
86
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #88)
14-17: Return stairs have ___ between floors and the stair ‘returns’ to the same location on each floor. This allows FFs to maintain their bearings in heavy smoke:
Half-landings
87
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #89)
When staircase maintains a constant location on each floor, it’s a simple task to ___ on the floor below from the stairway to the proper apt, then go back up and follow the same steps. Takes seconds to do, but saves minutes in locating the fire area:
Count the number of doors
88
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #90)
Fire in MDs – the 1st line should be committed to the:
Fire floor – via the interior stairway.
89
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #91)
Fire in MDs – the 1st line should be committed to the fire floor – via the interior stairway. The spare hose needed to allow the nozzle team to advance through the fire apt should be flaked (where), ready for a smooth advance:
Floor below the fire
90
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #92)
CPFC – Small stair landings on the floor below, common in single, isolated and wing stairs, do not provide enough room for this. In that case, actions are:
Force door to 1 of the apartments, and flake out hose out in it.
91
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #93)
14-18: At upper-floor fires, nozzle team should bring at least (how many lengths) of hose to the fire area. It will have to be flaked out on floor below, which sometimes means going into an open apartment:
1 section
92
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #94)
1st line – committed to fire floor via interior stairs. 2nd line should be stretched the same location to cover any ___ or to assist ___:
Additional involved units.
Assist 1st line w/ extreme fire conditions.
93
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #95)
CFPC - 2nd line stretched to same location to cover any additional involved units or to assist the 1st line. Otherwise it may be stretched (where):
* Up 1 more flight to cover floor above fire.
* (when a line goes up above, must let 1st crew know – they may be relying on a backup)
* (also allows 2nd crew to be warned if 1st line has to back out, leaving 2nd crew exposed by the fire)
94
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #96)
After 1st 2 lines have been stretched and are protecting the stairway, additional lines stretched should an alternate route to avoid:
Overcrowding the stairway
95
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #97)
Stretching 3 or 4 lines up 1 staircase can result in ___, leaving no line able to advance:
Knot of hose
96
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #98)
In practice, other reasons for not stretching multiple lines up 1 staircase:
* Need to protect secondary exits,
* Get a line to a remote area to cut off extension,
* Get lines above the fire before interior stairway is fully under control
97
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #99)
14-19: No more than ___ should be stretched up a single staircase, otherwise they could become so entwined that its impossible to advance any of them:
2
98
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #100)
Remember to avoid tying up aerial devices as:
Temporary standpipes
99
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #101)
Remember to avoid tying up aerial devices as temporary standpipes (decision will come back to haunt you). They are ___ weapons:
Defensive
100
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #102)
Aerial devices are defensive weapons, if the situation demands, they must be free to maneuver to cover the interior forces’:
Retreat or evacuation
101
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #103)
Instead of using aerial device as a temporary standpipe – It’s far superior to ascend via the aerial device (or interior stairway) and ___:
Haul supply line up the outside
102
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #104)
CFPC¬ – When doing so, give consideration to the possible need to supply multiple lines. Takes almost same time to pull a 3” line up as it does to pull an 1¾”. If pull up the 3” with a ___, supplying 2nd, 3rd, etc lines is greatly simplified:
Water thief
103
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #105)
Whenever you are faced with a situation that is so serious as to require 3 or more handlines, coordination is bound to become a problem unless all of the forces know:
Exactly where they are, as well as where other units are operating.
103
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #106)
A system of communicating one’s position is within the structure is essential in large area MDs, as well as in schools & hospitals. In many cases, these types of structures are segmented into:
Wings
104
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #107)
CFPC – Since incoming units may not know the internal system of a given bldg, a standardized ___ for use in all similar bldgs is useful:
Fireground terminology
105
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #108)
Preplanning should be a key to developing a ‘clear picture’ in our minds. Digital pictures are a great tool. Be sure to include aerial view, which helps people understand the ___ between bldgs:
Spatial relationship
106
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #109)
If no aerial view or preplan drawing is available, the __ (who) may be the only people on scene with a good understanding of the overall layout of the bldg:
Roof team
107
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #110)
CFPC – Roof team must be able to cmmu w/ others, particularly the IC. A common system for communicating (2) is critical:
- Type of structure, as well as;
| - Location of fire & personnel within bldg.
108
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #111)
14-22: Draw H, Double E, E, O bldgs with the throats. Multiple throat areas; they should be referred to as:
The throat between A&B wings, etc.
109
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #112)
14-23: Fires in ___ shaped bldgs wreak havoc as fire spreads in 2 directions at once.
O shaped bldgs
110
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #113)
Simplest system for identifying locations with large bldgs is to designate ___ wing as the A wing:
Far left wing – as viewed from the CP
111
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #114)
Avoid calling the left wing:
“Exposure 2” or worse “Side B Wing”
Also avoid calling far right wing – Exposure 4 or Side D wing.
112
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #115)
CFPC – Avoid calling far right & left wings Exposure 2/4 Wings or Side B/D Wings bc:
Its bound to lead to confusion if there’s any threat from the fire bldg to the actual exposures.
114
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #121)
To be effective (trench cut) – aerial position must be were in regards to the throat?
Position platform/aerial with the turntable inline w/ the throat.
115
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #122)
A ___ platform enables members to operate at the top-floor window, with a master stream that will penetrate ceilings & extinguish fires in the cockloft as well as within the apartments themselves:
Telescoping boom platform
116
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #123)
In some cases, the front of the bldg is enclosed in a decorated sheet-metal cornice that can be open up from the basket, allowing stream access directly to:
The cockloft
In new bldgs, same effect may be possible through screened cockloft vents
117
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #124)
The aerial platform is a necessity since it allows ___, ___, & ___. Aerial ladders don’t offer these options.
* Close observation of the stream,
* Stable working platform,
* An almost surgical operation of the stream in all directions.
118
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #125)
MDs – unlike PDs there is usually a ___ that goes from the ground floor through the roof:
Staircase
119
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #126)
CFPC – The staircase is enclosed with a ___ at the roof:
Bulkhead
120
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #127)
The staircase is enclosed with a bulkhead at the roof. Many times there is a ___ atop he bulkhead to allow in natural light:
Skylight
121
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #128)
___ is likely to be the 1 of the hottest places in the bldg other than the fire apartment:
(Being the high point of the ‘chimney’) The staircase that leads to the bulkhead
122
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #129)
Many times, people tried to escape by running up the stairs to get to the roof – often they don’t make it and collapse on the stairs or just inside the door on the landing. This means 2 members must proceed immediately to ___ in MD fires.
* To the roof
* For rescue & ventilation.
• (even on lower floor fires)
123
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #130)
Roof team should immediately force open doors to the stairway & quickly search for any overcome occupants on the landing or staircase to the roof. If there’s no need for rescue, they should then:
Vent the skylight at the top of the bulkhead
124
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #131)
If the stairway ends at the top floor, it is very common to find a ___ over the stairwell:
Skylight
| should be removed or broken to – take the lid off the chimney
125
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #132)
Taking the lid off the chimney prevents ___, and allows interior search and attack teams to operate with improved efficiency:
Mushrooming on the upper floors
126
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #133)
When breaking skylights, remember FFs are likely moving up stairs. First break a ___, pause a few moments was a warning to those below - then continue to clear the entire skylight, trying to ___:
* Break a small pane.
| * Pull as much back onto the roof as possible.
127
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #134)
CFPC - Members ascending stairs below should (be positioned how) When skylights are being taken out:
* Move close to the walls,
| * Keep head erect and hands off banister.
128
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #135)
A ___ secured to the top section of the aerial ladder or elevating platform boom allows quick access to the skylights located on top of high bulkheads:
Attic ladder
128
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #136)
After vertical ventilation has been accomplished over the stairs, the members on the roof should quickly examine the ___, noting any (2):
* Sides & rear of bldg from the roof.
* Noting – any trapped occupants or fire extension not visible by IC.
• (Good cmmu from this level allows IC to form a picture of conditions without having to make the trip personally)
129
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #137)
Benefit gained by sending M’s to the roof for v/v outweighs any other duties they may have been assigned. Even if people are jumping out of windows, ___ (#) should be sent immediately to the roof:
* At least 1.
* (by channeling poc to an area where they can do no harm, M may prevent others from jumping – or more importantly, may channel fire away from other V’s.
130
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #138)
How does a member get to the roof if people are jumping out of windows. The answer will depend on the ___ & ___ of the bldg:
Construction and features
131
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #139)
The aerial device is the preferred way of reaching most roofs, because it is:
Totally independent of the fire structure
132
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #140)
At times, using the aerial isn’t possible because of setbacks, height of the roof, or the unit is needed elsewhere. In such cases, the ___ might be the alternative:
Fire escape
133
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #141)
* If aerial is not available or practical to reach roof – use fire escape as 2nd option. Most fire escapes go how far up:
* Fire escapes on rear of bldgs provide roof access how?
* Most don’t go to the roof – only the top floor.
| * Narrow, vertical ladder called a gooseneck – hard to climb w/ PPE on.
134
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #142)
You must be extremely careful when to select a fire escape that isn’t likely to be threatened by:
Flames venting below you
135
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #143)
The interior stairway of the fire bldg is definitely out unless there’s a separate wing that’s remote from fire w/ its own stairway to roof – preferably should be separated by -
Firewall or enclosed stairway
136
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #144)
Trying to get to roof by way of stairs in fire area will likely to result in FF becoming a victim. There is 1 other method available that should be the 1st choice for reaching the roof, even over the aerial device:
The adjoining building.
| Use if bldgs built in rows, abutting each other, since its usually safer & faster
137
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #145)
Adjoining bldgs should be 1st choice for reaching the roof, even over the aerial device – since it is usually much faster & safer unless (the bldg is):
A row of wood frame bldgs that share a common cockloft.
138
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #146)
14-28: Many times – can reach the roof of the fire bldg via the adjoining bldg’s roof. Make note if there’s large shafts between bldgs, check roof in front of you b4 stepping over any:
Parapet walls
139
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #147)
Once the members have vented over stairs & other vertical shafts –the duties that they will perform next will depend on:
The location of the fire (cont. on next card)
140
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #148)
CFPC – if there is fire on a lower floor – roof team may descend to help in the search. They shouldn’t descend via ___. (Because):
The interior stair
Its possible they may get caught by erupting fire. (cont on next card)
141
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #149)
If there is a rear fire escape use it. If not, they will have to:
If there is a fire escape, they will have a decision to make, that is?
Descend the way they got up & reascend via the interior stairs.
What floor should they search?
142
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #150)
Generally the 3 greatest areas of danger to the occupants in order are:
1. The fire floor.
2. The floor above.
3. The top floor.
TEST QUESTION
144
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #151)
Roof team descending – the initial search team will be handling the fire floor. That leaves either the top floor or floor above the fire; decision depends on severity of fire; if fire is blowing out of the fire escape windows on the fire floor, logical decision is:
* Top floor – progressively move downwards
| * Will be in great danger trying to descend to the windows directly above.
145
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #152)
A fire in an apt on top floor has different scenario (may call for different tactics). Interior search team will search apartment, roof team may not be needed for search. The roof team should speed up the top floor & overall attack by:
Venting top floor windows from the roof
146
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #153)
Top floor fire – roof team not likely needed for search. Roof teams speeds top floor search & overall attack by venting top floor windows from the roof. This is done by using?
Which method is needed for double pane windows?
* Using a pike pole, hook or by
| * Tying heavy tool to rope & swinging into window (double pane windows).
147
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #154)
When venting windows, use the basic precaution of ___ before breaking the glass:
Checking the wind direction to see if wind will blow in.
(if fire not under control w/ lines operating in the area, may be necessary to withhold window ventilation if wind is blowing into the windows)
148
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #155)
Conditions on the top floor can also be relieved even more (besides breaking in top flr windows) by ___. This will be mandatory at most serious top floor fires.
Cutting a vent hole on the roof & pushing top floor ceilings down.
(mandatory since fire will be enter cockloft & roof cutting is less dependent on wind direction to be effective)
149
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #156)
Sometimes, the roof team can make a rapid descent down the rear fire escape, which can put the members in position to reach trapped victims sooner than any other method. Particularly when the fire is in the vicinity of ___.
The main entrance.
Entry from the fire escape will mean the best chance of survival for any overcome victims.
150
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #157)
CFPC – otherwise, the interior team would experience delays & difficulty in reaching the rear rooms until fire is darkened down. In this situation, where people are trapped in rear rooms. w/ fire blocking the front entrance way, it may be possible to go through the ___ to reach the victims:
Adjoining apartments
151
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #158)
In MDs - adjoining apartments often share a:
Fire escape balcony
152
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #159)
Ducking out of the fire escape & coming back into the fire apt can be a quick means of reaching trapped victims. If not – may be possible to breach a hole in the common wall between the 2 apts to gain access to the rear. This same technique may be used to provide:
An escape route in an emergency if a FF gets cut off from the normal exit.
153
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #160)
Some of the most dangerous multiple dwellings to operate in are those that have been:
Renovated
154
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #161)
Renovated bldgs, are often termed:
Rehabs (short for rehabilitated)
155
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #162)
Rehabs – often cause of multiple alarms despite efforts to make them safe. Generally older bldgs that have sound structural bearing members (walls, columns, etc) but ___ are in such disrepair that its cheaper to rip them all out & start fresh than it is to repair them:
Interior partitions
156
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #163)
Rehabs – Often the original ___ are left in place, while ceiling is removed an a new drop ceiling is installed:
Floor joists
157
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #164)
Rehabs w/ drop ceiling installed → benefits:
* Allows easier access for ___.
* Improves ___
* ___ (2) often added:
* Allows easier access for heating & cooling ductwork.
* Energy efficiency – by lowering height of ceiling.
* Fire detection systems often added, sometimes sprinklers.
158
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Roof Operations (NC #165)
With a drop ceiling – in effect, what has happened is that a ___ has been created on each floor:
Cockloft
158
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #166)
14-31: When older bldgs are rehabbed, ceilings are often lowered. This horizontal void interconnects with the ___ to create a combustible maze for fire to spread within.
Vertical plumbing voids
159
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #167)
Drop ceilings – space interconnects w/ vertical chases in which piping & ductwork run to create a vertical maze for fire travel. Fire originating in any of these blind spaces often ___ firefighting efforts:
Outflanks
160
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #168)
Firefighting efforts often outflanked since ___ all interconnect with numerous ___ that rapidly spread fire to numerous floors:
* Horizontal voids on each floor
* Vertical voids
* (too many voids to open all at once)
161
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #169)
In such case (PC), ___ can make life miserable, since they are operated by the heat of the fire above the ceiling, which they are capable of extinguishing:
Sprinklers in the public hallways
162
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #170)
Collapse of MDs during interior firefighting efforts used to be unusual. W/ older floor/roof systems, fire conditions had 2b so severe that interior forces were chased out b4 collapse occurred. 2 factors have changed the way FFs must look at MDs:
* Vacant bldgs
| * Lightweight or truss construction
163
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #171)
In many northern communities along the ___, the # of vacant structures of all types is growing.
Rust Belt
(Bldgs left unmaintained & open to elements for years. Rot from weather & repeated fires have made unsafe to enter)
164
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #172)
Lightweight construction – prevalent everywhere, especially in the ___.
Sun belt
165
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #173)
Even if bldg is traditional MD w/ wood joists and masonry walls – there’s a threat of potential collapse from ___ on many bldgs:
Metal cornices
166
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #174)
___ support cornices in many cases:
Wooden members
167
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #175)
Fire in a ___ or ___ could result in the structure falling to the street:
Cockloft or cornice
168
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #176)
A ___ must be established beneath the cornice that shows heavy fire.
This may hamper access to the:
Collapse zone
Main bldg entrance
169
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #177)
14-31: When older bldgs are rehabbed, the ___ are often lowered:
Ceilings
170
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section Roof Operations: (NC #178)
14- 32: Cornice – Establish a collapse zone to protect ___ & ___:
* M’s entering/exiting bldg as well as
| * FFs operating from aerial devices below the cornice
171
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #179)
Fireproof MDs have many of same problems as non-fireproof versions, including:
* High life hazards,
* Large # of occupants,
* Difficulties in stretching lines,
* Difficulties with stairs.
172
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #180)
For most part, FP-MD’s are designed to act as our ally, restricting:
Both vertical & horizontal fire spread
173
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #181)
FP-MDs cause unique problems, since it holds tremendous amounts of heat, radiating it back at FFs after fire has been knocked. In most cases, ___ are of sturdier construction that those in older non-fireproof bldgs, & often better secured:
Apartment doors
174
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #182)
Recognizing a (FP-MD) bldg as C1 fireproof may not be simple. Look for ___ & ___. If they are present, bldg is a C3. If don’t find any, chances are it is a C1 bldg:
* Fire escapes & cockloft vents – C3 if present.
| * Not present – C1
175
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #183)
14-33: Non-fireproof bldgs can be recognized by their ___ & ___:
Fire escapes & cockloft vents just below the roof.
176
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #184)
14-34: Non-fireproof bldgs aren’t required to have ___ & their cocklofts are ___:
* Fire escapes
| * Non-combustible.
177
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #185)
Scissor stairs pose a common problem in Class 1 bldgs. Bldg codes often require ___ (how many) means of egress from each floor:
2
178
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #186)
Bldg code requirement of 2 means of egress from each floor – often satisfied (questionably) by putting both staircases back to back – this type of stair is:
Scissor stairs
179
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #187)
Scissor stairs – both staircases back to back, with each door on the floor separated from the door to other stairway only by a length of the staircase, usually about ___ feet.
20 feet
180
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #188)
Scissor stairs – This is a ___ arrangement as opposed to having staircases at opposite ends of the hallways.
Space saving
181
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #189)
Scissor stairs create problems for FFs in several ways - Exits doors continually alternate positions from:
If you must go down (how many) floors to find the same orientation between apts and a particular staircase:
* Floor to floor.
| * 2 floors (reasons is 1st bullet).
182
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #190)
Scissor stairs – In some bldgs with two ___, the stairs can alternate from 1 side of the bldg to the other on alternate floors.
Parallel halls
183
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #191)
Scissor stairs – The changing positions can mean having to travel an extra ___ feet down a heavily charged hallway if you happen to choose the wrong staircase:
20’
184
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #192)
Scissor stairs – Where standpipe systems are present in these (FP-MD) bldgs, there will almost always be ___ that ascends up through the staircase:
1 riser
185
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #193)
Scissor stairs – Where standpipe systems present in (FP-MD) bldgs, there will 1 riser that ascends up the staircase. Since it goes straight up while stairs alternate positions – result is the standpipe outlet halves, while present on every floor, will be:
On 1 staircase, and in the other staircase on the next floor up or down.
Cont. on next card
186
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #194)
CFPC – If a company chooses not to attack from the staircase that has the outlet on the fire floor (recommended), they will have to go down ___ floors to find another outlet in that stairway. Other wise, will have to go floor below and then:
* Floors
* Cross over & hook up in the other staircase
* (either option demands additional hose)
187
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #195)
Fires in FP-MDs are usually confined to the:
Apartment of origin
188
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #196)
Fires in these structures generally confined to the apt of origin. Most codes require ___ separations between the apt & public hall, as well as between the apartments:
2 hours fire separations
189
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #197)
Fire may extend to floor above, most often by ___, and this area, as always, must be checked early:
Auto exposure
190
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #198)
FP-MDs – The fire load in these structures is confined to the ___, and most fires are relatively routine affairs:
They are punishing to the attack tm due to:
* Contents of the apartment
| * High heat
191
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #199)
FP-MDs – Interior public hallway is most often windowless, but there is usually no danger of extension, collapse or severe life threat to anyone outside of the:
Fire apartment
192
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #200)
FP-MDs – 1 hazard that is increasingly seen in these bldgs is the ___ wires strung along the public hallways in plastic wire molding:
TV/Internet
193
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #201)
FP-MDs – TV/Internet wires hanging in public hallway; this plastic fails easily, which is often when door is opened – as a result the wires:
Drop onto the FFs are they enter/exit the apt.
| this entanglement creates chaos at doorway
194
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #202)
FP-MDs – TV/Internet wires hanging in public hallway; Every FF should carry ___ or ___ in an accessible location to free them from this hazard. The wires are too string to be cut with a knife in most cases:
Good wire-cutter or multi-tool
195
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Fireproof Multiple Dwellings (NC #203)
FP-MDs – The most punishing affairs are likely to involve fire that has:
Vented to the outside with the apartment door open and a stiff wind blowing into the fire apartment
(conditions in the hall will approximate the inside of a blast furnace)
196
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #204)
FDNYs department firefighting procedures manual, Multiple Dwelling Fires, 1st written in ’79 describes wind-driven fires as:
Blowtorch fires
197
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #205)
The cause of blowtorch/wind-driven fires is:
High winds blowing flame back into bldg through windows that have been vented.
198
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #206)
Fireproof MD’s: Blowtorch description is created how on a wind driven fuego?
* Wind-driven flames blast out of apt. door at high velocity.
* The wind striking the side of the bldg funnels through an involved apt –
* Increasing amount of O in contact w/ fuel –
* Results in increased rate of burning of an object.
* Resulting flame is pushed ahead by wind, venting out the apt door & filling public hall with flame.
199
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #207)
From 2006 – 08, FDNY in conjunction w/ (3 other entities) did numerous full-scale, live fire, test burns in a series of high rise bldgs to document this condition & test a variety of tactics for dealing with them. 3 entities are:
* Chicago FD
* Toledo FD
* National Institute of Standards & Technology
200
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #208)
Information that has been documented include the fact that this (WDF) is primarily a cold or warm weather) ___ phenomenon:
Cold weather
201
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #209)
Information that has been documented include the fact that this (WDF) is primarily a cold-weather phenomenon. In NYC, all or most severe instances of this type have occurred between which months:
November – March (typically coldest time of year, in NYC)
202
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #210)
Study by FDNY & entities: Documented information – Once bldg exceeds (what # of) ___ stories, which is when C1 is most often required, the height of the bldg does not play a major role, nor does the floor of the fire play a major role.
8 stories
203
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #211)
FDNY & entities study on WDFs – Another factor that was discovered is that a high wind (is / is not) required.
in NOT
204
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #212)
FDNY & entities study on WDFs – Another factor that was discovered is that a high wind is not required; Analysis of weather data from the time of the fire indicates that several occurred with only ___ mph winds:
15 mph
205
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #213)
FDNY & entities study on WDFs – What has been demonstrated conclusively in both testing & actual fire history is that ___ is the culprit.
Airflow through the bldg
206
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #214)
FDNY & entities study on WDFs – What has been demonstrated conclusively in both testing & actual fire history is that airflow through the bldg is the culprit, and that this airflow over the burning fuel creates temperatures in excess of:
2500 degrees F from standard residential loading
207
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #215)
Norman has explained WDFs by looking at them like an ___.
Oxyacetylene torch
208
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #216)
Oxyacetylene Torch process:
(This is what’s happening inside the fire apt & hall during a WDF)
* When torch is ignited, get lazy, yellow flame.
* Lazy yellow flame burns at about 1200 degrees F with atmospheric Oxygen around it.
* When torch adjusted to inject O at seat of flame – now you get –
* A steel-cutting jet, burning same fuel, but –
* Producing in excess of 5,000 degrees F.
209
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #217)
In a bldg, this fireball must have an ___ or the airflow into the hallway cannot continue, but in a high-rise bldg, there are numerous possibilities:
Exhaust outlet
210
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #218)
WDF – It is critical to evaluate the effect that any ___ efforts will have prior to breaking any windows.
Ventilation
211
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #219)
WDF – It is critical to evaluate the effect that any ventilation efforts will have prior to breaking any windows. Simple to do from the outside; if wind is blowing toward affected windows, don’t vent until:
Fire area is under control
212
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #220)
WDF – If wind is blowing toward affected windows, don’t vent until fire area in under control. This will prevent smoldering furniture from:
* Being fanned into open flame &
| * Driving FFs out of the area.
213
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #221)
Review – Study by FDNY illustrated factors about WDFs:
- Cold weather phenomenon,
- Above 8 stories, height of bldg does NOT play major role, nor does floor of fire.
- High wind not required – has happened in 15 mph.
214
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #222)
WDFs – When venting from inside the bldg, more information is needed. Make a ___ opening on the fire floor first:
Small, experimental opening.
Preferably – a single pane.
215
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #223)
WDFs - When venting from the floor above, be sure to position all doors (how):
As they will be found on the fire floor.
Otherwise, won’t know the real effect of the wind on the fire floor.
216
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #224)
14-39: When deciding whether to vent windows from above, in order to know whether the wind will blow into the fire; it’s critical that all doors on floor are in the same position as the doors on the fire floor will be. Otherwise the __, will not be accurate:
The bldg airflow
| if no wind blows in, vent the floor below
217
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #225)
WDFs – Windows in hallway can be open or may fail due to heat. In several cases, windows that were open (where & how far away from fire apt), provided the necessary exhaust outlet when occupants opened the apt door to flee:
Windows that were open in apartments across the public hall,
More than 100’ from the fire apt.
219
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #226)
WDFs – When FD deploys a hoseline onto the fire floor from the stairway, the door to the stairway becomes blocked open & stairway becomes a chimney. This situation is worsened if:
The bulkhead at top of staircase is open to the exterior.
| Cont. on next card
220
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #227)
CFPC – Bulkhead at top of staircase to the exterior opened is a practice that is used under less severe conditions to less the:
Contamination of the staircase & upper floors due to mushrooming.
221
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #228)
If wind is not blowing into the windows of the fire apartment, fires in ___ bldgs are usually extinguished rather routinely by a single hoseline:
Fireproof buildings.
| since the fire load in typical apartment is relatively light
222
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #229)
During a routine fire, smoke in the stairs & upper floors is easily combated by ___:
Venting the top of the stair and elevator shaft.
223
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #230)
During a routine fire, smoke in the stairs & upper floors is easily combated by venting the top of the stair & elevator shaft. During severe conditions however, the threat is actual ___:
Actual fire & high heat – venting the stair can draw fire to the stair.
224
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #231)
WDFs – The use of PPV fans to pressurize the attack staircase may stop the airflow through the fire apartment if the staircase is in fact:
The exhaust opening that was drawing the fire.
225
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #232)
14-40: PP fans can be used to pressurize the staircases of a fire-resistive bldg, which can neutralize the airflow towards the staircases. This has shown to be practical against wins up to:
25 MPH
226
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #233)
(Cont. from #231): Fans have been useful under these conditions as long as (2):
1. There are no exhaust openings nearer the apt door -and-
| 2. As long as wind stays under 25 mph.
227
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #234)
WDFs – A more positive approach (compared to pressurizing stairs) involves stopping the airflow at the ___ rather that the ___:
Inlet rather than the exhaust
| FDNY has been carrying wind control devices for past 10 years
228
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #235)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet – This type of wind control involves ___ on the window that the wind is blowing into:
Draping a fire-resistive curtain
| Draped from floor above or roof
229
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #236)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → FDNY uses 2 models. 1st is a __ x __, sufficient to cover majority of residential windows:
10’ high x 12’ wide
230
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #237)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → 10x12 curtain is constructed out of material known as:
Hotstop M
231
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #238)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → Hotstop M will withstand direct exposure of fire for how long:
* 1500 degrees – Unlimited
| * 2000 degrees – Up to 15 min.
232
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #239)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → Curtains are adequate for the 2500o & higher temperatures of the WDF bc they are deployed from the ___ side, while severe temps are present on the ___ side:
* Deployed on upwind side.
| * Severe temps – on downwind side
233
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #240)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → 10x12 curtain – comes with a ___ (length/material) ropes sewn on each corner:
20’ / Kevlar
234
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #241)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → 10x12 model – 20’ Kevlar rope sewn into each corner allows it to be lowered into position from (where) and allows it to be pulled tight from (where):
2 floors above the fire floor if necessary
Pulled tight by lower ropes from floor below
235
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #242)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → 10 x 12 model is weighted by:
Lengths of chain sewn into the lower edge.
Help it fall into place in front of window where the wind is blowing in.
236
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #243)
WDFs; stopping airflow at inlet; high-rise window curtain → 2nd model (used by FDNY), KO Fire curtain, size is:
6 x 6
Not weighted – light for 1 M to carry
237
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #244)
14-42: The KO Fire Curtain is a smaller, lighter version of the fire window blanket, designed for immediate deployment (in FDNY) by 1st arriving FFs while the blaze is confined to:
1 or 2 rooms & limited windows
238
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #245)
WDFs – Engine Co tactics when faced with such conditions have been limited in the past. The problem is that the flame is blasting down the hall, simply burning gas, similar to a ___ or ___ flame:
A propane or natural gas flame
239
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #246)
WDFs – Flame that is blasting down hall is burning gas, similar to propane or NG flame. Water from handlines has no effect on this gas flame. The only way that water can have any effect is to:
Cool seat of burning material – which is out of reach of the stream, inside of the involved apartment.
(handlines have no effect on the fire under such circumstances bc water is not reaching fuel - where it can cool it & stop further flame production)
240
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #247)
WDFs – Under such severe circumstances, an interior handline attack typically involves 8-12 Engine Co’s working in relaying, since FFs can only:
Spend a min or 2 in hall b4 they’re burned by the high temp soaking through their PPE
Cont on next card
241
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #248)
CFPC – No real progress is made in advancing the line (despite beating FFs are taking) until fire has:
Consumed bulk of combustibles in fire area and began to decay.
(Past incidents; multiple 2½” lines operating from stairwell unable to advance due to flame blowing above them; stalemate til fire burns self out)
242
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #249)
WDFs – Once fire has died down, lines can advance to the door of the fire apartment – 1 line completes extinguishment. Only things left in the fire’s path are those made of:
Steel
Aluminum objects found as pools of molten metal on the floor.
243
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #250)
WDFs – Unusual fire situations such as blast-furnace hallway require usual tactics. If fire is in reach a ___, it may be best to knock fire from outside – something that is neatly taboo in occupied dwellings:
Outside stream
In such cases – there are no longer any civilians in the fire apt, unless they are in sheltered areas.
244
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #251)
WDFs – In low-rise bldgs, an aerial stream can be deployed quickly to knock down fire. Many FP-MDs are ___ bldgs, though, and it is on the upper floors that are out of reach of ground/aerial streams:
High-use
245
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #252)
WDFs – Problem; How do we put an outside stream into operation on the 20th or 30th floor. FDNY’s R&D Unit developed a ___ nozzle that solves this dilemma:
Floor-below nozzle
246
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #253)
WDFs – Floor-below nozzle: Device is a reinforced piece of ___ (what size) pipe that bends back on itself approximately:
* 1½”
| * 135 degrees
247
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #254)
Floor below nozzle →
* Connect to handline on floor below.
* B4 applying stream – clear all personnel out of hall in fire floor.
* Then close stairway doors. Next:
* Place nozzle out of window directly below window on fire floor which wind is blowing in,
* Start water.
248
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #255)
Floor below nozzle works by:
* Stream bouncing off ceiling in fire apt creates a spray that →
* Knocks down fire in immediate fire room – and is carried through →
* Apt & down hallway by force of the –
* Wind blowing through the window.
249
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #256)
Fire-below nozzle → Type of nozzle & flow:
* 15/16” tip
| * 180 gpm
250
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #257)
Remember, after you ___ (do this), everything else gets better:
Put the fire out
251
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #258)
Breaching a hole from a stairway into the adjoining apartment – if this is the fire apartment, operate nozzle directly into fire area, being careful that this doesn’t result in:
Contaminating the staircase
252
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #259)
Breaching a hole from a stairway into the adjoining apartment – if this is not the fire apartment, continue across, breaching walls until:
You gain access to fire apartment
253
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #260)
Breaching a hole from a stairway into the adjoining apartment – If fire apt is across the hall from the stairway, this method may only get you close enough to direct a hose stream from:
A small hole you punch through the hallway wall & toward the door of the fire apartment.
(Cont on next card)
254
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: The Severe Wind-Driven Fire (NC #261)
(CFPC) – Again, ___ this area will be necessary to reduce the tendency for fire to be driven into this apt, which is downwind of the fire area.
Pressurizing
(otherwise – when punch hole through hall wall, jet of fire will shoot at you – jets of flame seen shooting 18” down through holes)
255
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #262)
Duplex apartments have living space on ___ (how many) floors of a bldg:
Triplexes have space on ___ floors:
* 2
| * 3
256
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #263)
Duplex apartments have living space on 2 floors of a bldg. Triplexes have space on 3 floors. This means, there must be a ___ within each apt from floor to floor:
Stairway
Stairway is open & unprotected – as opposed to stairways w/in a fire rated enclosure that serves as bldg’s primary exit.
257
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #264)
Apartment layouts typically have the entrance on the same level as:
With ___(which rooms) being on other levels:
* Kitchen & living room
| * Bedrooms
258
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #265)
Apartment layouts – fire being in the kitchen or living room quickly cuts off the ___ for the occupants:
Escape routes
259
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #266)
Apt layouts – Fire → If ___ (which rooms) are lower levels, occupants are not as severely exposed as when they are on upper levels, but rescue attempts often delayed until fire on entrance floor is controlled:
Bedrooms.
At times – can breach partition wall from adjoining apt to by pass entrance floor & reach occupants.
260
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #267)
14-47: Duplex apts often have all ___ on 1 level, rarely with a direct exit. Leaving occupants in serious danger.
Bedrooms
261
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #268)
Sandwich apts are similar to duplex & triplex apts in that they have ___ in some apartments:
An interior stair
262
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #269)
Sandwich apts are similar to duplex & triplex apts in that they have an interior stair in some apartments, but they differ how:
In that all living space for each apt is on a single floor.
263
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #270)
(CFPC) Sandwich Apts – This concept involves eliminating the public hall on how many floors? Using this space for living area.
2 floors
264
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #271)
Sandwich apartments – The public halls are only found every ___ floors, and that is also where all the ___ are located:
* Every 3 floors
| * Apartment doors
265
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #272)
14-48: Sandwich apts only have hallways every 3 floors. All apt entrances are located at that level. Doors at that level lead to:
* 1 door leads straight in on that floor.
* 1 door leads down to apt on floor below.
* 3rd door leads up to apt on floor above.
* Center door serves apt on that floor.
266
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #273)
Sandwich Apts – Entrance to units every 3rd flr; Center door (typically) serves unit on that flr, other 2 doors have stairs behind them, 1 goes up, 1 down. The most serious situations are usually encountered in fires to which unit/why:
* Fires the down apt.
| * Because stairs are equivalent of a cellar stair going down.
267
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #274)
___ are an indicator to the presence of sandwich type layouts:
Public hallway often windows,
| 14-49:Floors w/ hallways are visible by the continuous row of windows that line the hall
268
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #275)
Sandwich Apts – Layouts vary drastically from floor to floor in such bldgs. Without ___, its impossible to find the proper floor below the fire to orient yourself or to locate the proper apt in order to breach the correct wall:
Prior knowledge
269
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #276)
Sandwich Apts – Suggestion; Where there are floor layouts that repeat themselves within a structure, have the stair side of the stairway doors painted the same color on floors with:
Similar layout
270
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #277)
Sandwich Apts – 1 of biggest problems at these fires is large # of tenants who attempt to flee the fire. They would almost always be better off if they were to remain in their apts or hotel rooms, rather than flee from the upper stories. Methods in which they flee include:
* Taking elevators past fire floor; deadly risk.
* Stairs – preventing FFs from using for ventilation &/or attack.
* Elderly, handicapped & young children require FF assistance, further depleting personnel.
271
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #278)
Key to success here is Pre-incident planning, which in this case means:
Pre-incident training – informing residents of the proper action – which is to stay in their apts/rooms.
(Have floor wardens for blgs to advise residents to remain in units / or use PA system)
272
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #279)
Last resort option, for controlling panic & issuing directives – use the ___ of the apparatus:
PA system
273
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #280)
Last resort option, for controlling panic & issuing directives – use the PA system of the apparatus. This has proved to be particularly useful in ___ type of occupancies housing large # of transients:
Hotel-type occupancies
274
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #281)
Using PA system of apparatus (or bldg) – using a ___ & ___ tone while addressing occupants at windows can relieve much of their anxiety:
Calm & reassuring
275
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #282)
CFPC – Of course, anyone in actual danger must be removed & protected asap, but this is generally confined to those (where) ___ in class 1 bldgs:
Immediate fire area
276
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #283)
Search teams will have to account for all rooms/apts in fire floor and above. But many times, uninvolved rooms can be searched by less damaging methods such as:
Using a master key
277
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #284)
Ventilation of light to moderately charged hallways can be accomplished by blocking open the:
This avoids contaminating:
* Hopper door to either a compactor or an incinerator chute on the floor.
* Staircases with smoke – leaves them free for other purposes.
278
Ch. 14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
Section: Duplex, Triplex & Sandwich Apartments (NC #285)
MDs of all types present FFs with their greatest life hazard, as such – tremendous effort is expended in these fires. At each MD fire, take a close critical look at:
All phases of the operation
(Are efforts being channeled properly or are they wasting precious resources of personnel, water & equipment that can be better used to save lives? That’s the bottom line at MD fires)
279
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #116)
* Wings of large structures are generally joined together by a relatively smaller section called:
* It is in this section that items such as ___ are often found
* Throat.
| * Elevator shaft, stairways, incinerators, compactors & other bldg features.
280
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #117)
The throat is usually the place where you want to make a ___ if severe conditions prevent advance down the hall toward the fire area:
Defensive stance
281
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #118)
Throat is location to make defensive stand if conditions prevent advancement down hall towards fire area – This can happen quite easily at fires where:
Top floor fires where fire is present in 2+ apts & has entered cockloft area.
282
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #119)
In some cases, interior handlines may be driven off the top floor or out of the bldg entirely the volume of fire & wind pushing towards them. Here, ___ & ___ are the best defense:
Aerial platform & trench cut
283
Ch14: Norman – Multiple Dwellings
(NC #120)
14-24: Heavy fire in a Wing threatening to extend across the throat to (another) wing will require heavy elevated streams. The ___ is the tool of choice:
Elevating platform
