Ch.1 9: Fire Related Emergencies Flashcards by Chris Dillon

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Natural Gas (NC #1)

A large % of the total # of FD responses each year involve incidents in which, while there is a need for emergency assistance, there is either no __, or the ___ is within its normal container:

Fire

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #2)

___ are the most common of emergency responses, and they are potentially the most deadly:

Gas leaks

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #3)

Natural gas is formed as a result of nature’s action on ___ over millions of years:

Organic matter

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #4)

Which states are the largest producers of natural gas?

Virginia
Oklahoma
California
Louisiana
Texas

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #5)

Once NG is tapped from the ground, it is then distribute to consumers nationwide via:

Pipelines

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #6)

• NG is primarily (what):

More than ___ %:
Methane
90%
(NG behaves like pure methane)

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #7)

NG contains other gases as well, including:

Ethane (up to 5%)
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #8)

The presence of ___ in NG can sometimes be used by FD’s & utility co’s to pinpoint what the source of persistent ‘gas odors’ that have no apparent source:

Ethane

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #9)

A sample of the area is collected and analyzed in the lab. If the same contains ethane, it is:

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #10)

A sample of the area is collected and analyzed in the lab. If the same contains ethane, it is NG, and utility must look further for the source. If no ethane is present, source isn’t NG, but possibly:

Swamp gas or other hydrocarbon vapors

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #11)

NG comes from a well that is ___ & ___, yet everyone has ‘smelled gas’.

Colorless and odorless

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #12)

NG comes from a well that is colorless & odorless, yet everyone has ‘smelled gas’. That is bc an odorant is added at a precise rate, so that as little as __ % can be detected:

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #13)

(CFPC) The odorant added is generally:

Mercaptan compounded with sulfides

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #14)

Odor added generally is mercaptan compounded with sulfides – As little as ___ of odorant can treat up to 1 million cu ft of NG:

¼ pound

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #15)

This process of dispersing a liquid in NG can result in unusual circumstances that FD & public should be aware; 1st – the odorant tends to be lost as it travels long distances w/ the gas. (How):

Some breaks down chemically while some;

* Some condenses inside pipeline.

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #16)

CFPC – At various points along the its route, usually where the ___ hooks up to a ___, odorant must be added:

Local utility hooks up to a;

* Transcontinental pipe.

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #17)

At various points along its route, usually where the local utility hooks up to a transcontinental pipeline, odorant must be added. A leak at the odorant is a ___ spill, and a very pungent one:

Flammable liquid

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #18)

The vapor density of NG is?

.60 – lighter than air (rises)

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #19)

NG gas leaks can be divided into 3 basic categories:

Inside leaks,
Outside leaks,
Leaks resulting from fires

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #20)

From the 3 categories of NG – The greatest danger results from (which one and why):

Interior gas leaks
Because of their potential for explosion.
(Outside leaks, especially under ground leaks are next most dangerous)

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #21)

Outside leaks, especially underground leaks are the next most dangerous. Gas may migrate into & collect in bldgs, manholes or other spaces and possibly cause an explosion. Gas that has ___ is probably the least of FFs problems:

Ignited

may ignite nearby exposures, but potential for explosion is extremely small once gas has ignited

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #22)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is shipped from wells across the US via ___ pipelines:

Large diameter, high-pressure transmission pipelines.

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #23)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is shipped from wells across the US via large diameter, high-pressure transmission pipelines. These transmission lines operate at pressures of ___:

350 – 850 psi

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #24)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Transmission lines operate at pressures of 350 – 850 psi and are remotely ___ & ___ from central locations:

Monitored and controlled

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Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #25) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – A rapture in a transmission line is a major emergency, resulting in huge fires w/ flames shooting hundreds of feet in the air. By virtue of ___, pipeline operators will be able to detect a leak immediately & isolate damaged section using ___:

* Remote sensors that monitor pressure. | * Remote-control valves.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #26) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Bc of the lg diameter of these lines (transmission lines), the length between valves & the high pressure in which they operate, considerable line pack will result in:

Leakage for extended period – even after valves have been shut off.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #27) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Leak in a transmission line – FD operations should be directed towards:

* Evacuating the endangered area, * Protecting exposed buildings, and; * Examining these bldgs for evidence of gas seeping into them.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #28) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Leak in transmission line – FD actions; no attempts should be made to ___ w/ out specific direction of knowledgeable pipeline personnel:

Close any valves

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #29) F19-2: Large transmission pipelines operate at high pressure. If a leak develops – will take time to isolate valves and for gas trapped in pipe to leak out. Plan to use ___ communications only as such a site:

* Written cmmu only. | * (Noise from high-pressure leak will make verbal cmmu anywhere near the leak impossible).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #30) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is received by the local utilities along various places along the pipeline called:

City gate stations

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #31) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – City gate stations reduce the pressure from pipelines down to the utility company’s transmission system pressure of?

60 – 150 psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #32) City gate stations reduce the pressure from pipelines down to the utility company’s transmission system pressure of 60 – 150 psi. These lines continue to ___ stations. Usually in ___, where pressure is further reduced 4 the distribution system.

* District regulator stations * Usually underground vaults * (City gate stations → District regulation stations).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #33) F19-3: ___ stations – these regulate the pressure within a gas distribution system for large neighborhoods:

District regulator stations

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #34) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – At district regulator stations (underground vault) – pressure is further reduced for which system:

Distribution system

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #35) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The pressures in distribution systems vary according to:

Type and age

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #36) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The Older (distribution) systems are known as:

Low-pressure systems

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #37) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The Older (distribution) systems are known as low-pressure operating systems, operating at ___ psi:

¼ psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #38) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Older distribution systems (known as low-pressure systems, ¼ psi) – The gas mains are all at ___ pressure, and no further reduction of the pressure occurs:

¼ lb

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #39) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Older distribution systems (low pressure systems) – Gas main are all at ¼-lb pressure. The gas flows through (3) at this same low pressure:

* Distribution mains * Shutoff meters * Appliances

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #40) 1. F19-4 (LP): Large transcontinental pipeline or distribution main has pressure of __ of more: 2. District regulator station drops pressure to ___ throughout the system: 3. No regulators required for:

1. 99 psi or more 2. ¼ psi 3. Homes – business is ¼ psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #41) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The pressures in distribution systems vary according to type & age. In newer systems the pressure in the street main is higher, between:

2½ and 60 psi (Old systems ¼ psi)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #42) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – In newer distribution systems, the pressure in the street main is higher, between 2½ - 60 psi, and is termed:

High-pressure gas

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #43) (CFPC) – Newer systems (2.5 – 60 psi) Gas appliances cannot use this high pressure, so a ___ must also take place at each building:

Reduction

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #44) (CFPC) – Newer systems (2.5 – 60 psi) Thus, each gas line going into the premises from the street has its own regulator to reduce pressure to ___:

¼ psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #46) * F19-5 (cont): High (newer) pressure gas system – Each occupancy requires a ___: * PSI above and below regulator piping is:

• Regulator. • ¼ psi LP piping above & 60 psi HP piping below regulator

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #47) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The newer ones are ___ loaded.

Spring (cont on next card)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #48) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The newer one are spring loaded – to maintain a steady rate of ___ against a ___:

¼ psi against a diaphragm

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #49) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The older kind is called a ___ regulator:

Dead weight regulator (cont on next card)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #50) There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The older kind is called a dead weight regulator, and uses ___ to maintain pressure on the diaphragm:

A column of mercury | dead weight regulators – being phased out

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #51) Regulators – As mechanical devices, both types subject to fail – should this occur, excess pressure (above ¼ psi) will flow through the regulator, w/ most of it flowing out through a:

Vent in the regulator body

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #52) F19-6: A typical high-pressure gas service consists of what 3 items?

* Service cock or valve * Regulator (w/ vent) * Meter

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #53) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – If a failure occurs – regulator should hold the pressure to the appliances between ___:

2 and 4 psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #54) If a failure occurs – regulator should hold the pressure to the appliances between 2 and 4 psi. This is still ___ higher than the normal ___ operating pressure at which gas appliances are designed to work:

8 to 16 times higher than the normal ¼ psi (excess pressure can make existing flames larger, igniting nearby combustibles).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #55) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Excess pressure can make existing burning flames much larger & ignite nearby combustibles. The sudden surge may otherwise blowout:

The pilot & burners – allowing for a build up of unignited gas.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #56) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Regulators located inside a bldg have the vent line piped out through the wall to a ___, to ensure that gas from a regulator failure don’t build up indoors:

Peck vent or a fisher vent

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #57) F19-7: A whooshing noise from the peck vent accompanied by an odor of gas indicates:

* A regulator failure. * Gas service should be shut down in safest & fastest method available. * Personnel – examine premises for fire, gas build up and potential victims.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #58) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – FD units can recognize a regulator failure by (what 2 indications):

* Gas odor -or- | * Hissing or whooshing sound coming from the vent.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #59) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – In event of regulator failure, actions to be taken are?

* Notify utility, * Shut off gas asap, * Search involved premises for fire extension, gas buildup & overcome victims * Vent areas as needed

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #60) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – NG isn’t toxic, but will displace oxygen, and if the quantity is enough – it can cause:

Asphyxiation

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #61) In past – some utilities used manufactured gas, which contained:

Carbon monoxide. (At that time – used to be possible commit suicide by turning on oven jets w/ pilot lights blown out & inhaling the CO-laden manufactured gas. Today – NG doesn’t pose as great a health hazard)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #62) 1 problem w/ NG utilities that truly brings with it the potential for mass disaster & casualties is the failure of the ___ regulator (cont. on next card):

District regulator

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #63) 1 problem w/ NG utilities that truly brings with it the potential for mass disaster & casualties is the failure of the district regulator, which are found on all types of ___ systems:

Gas distribution systems

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #64) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – When a district regulator fails in the open position, the pressure on the ___ side is increased (cont. on next card):

Downstream

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #65) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – When a district regulator fails in the open position, the pressure on the downstream side is increased, resulting in:

* Overpressure to every gas service in the area. | * (As result – FD may be faced w/ deluge of gas-related fires, leaks & explosions)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #66) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – District regulator failure – Fire personnel, particularly ___ may be the 1st to recognize what has happened from the sudden pattern of alarms being received:

Dispatchers

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #67) Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – District regulator failure → The FD cannot do anything directly other than:

Notify the utility company of the locations of where the incidents are occurring.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #68) (CFPC) District regulator failure – Through ___ downstream of the regulator, they (utility company) will most likely know about the failure b4 we do. They may not know how extensive the problem is:.

Remote pressure-monitoring devices that sense pressure changes

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #69) Tactics at inside leaks – What actions must be taken in event of a NG leak in a structure? In what order, and by whom? Any plan of action should include the following (6 Steps):

1. Dispatch - Notify utility & request ETOA. 2. Determine intensity of leak & when it was 1st noticed. 3. Determine extent of evacuation required 4. Eliminate sources of ignition. 5. Locate the source & stop the flow. 6. Search & ventilate

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #70) Tactics at inside leaks – The 1st priority on report of a gas leak should be to:

Notify the utility (company).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #71) Tactics at inside leaks – The 1st priority on report of a gas leak should be to notify the utility, whose expertise & equipment will prove invaluable. This action should be a predetermined by (whom):

The dispatcher (w/out waiting for FD units to arrive)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #72) Tactics at inside leaks – A thoroughly trained dispatcher can also begin steps 2 & 3. While questioning the caller, the dispatcher should ask:

* How strong is the smell of gas? | * When did you first notice the smell?

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #73) (CFPC) – A ___ smell or one that ___ indicates a potentially serious situation:

Strong smell or 1 that just appeared | in such case – dispatcher should advise caller to leave premises & await the FD at neighbor’s house

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #74) (CFPC) – The odor won’t be so obvious to the caller at other times, and the determination of ___ & required ___ will have to be decided by officer in command:

Intensity / evacuation

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #75) Tactics at inside leaks – Expect the worst if meat by a heavy odor of gas. Expose as few as possible as possible – meaning:

Evacuate promptly when necessary. (A faint whiff or gas, or a leak that has come and gone for past few days may allow more leeway for performing a leak examination).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #76) 19-8: The only reliable way to determine the dangers of gas leaks is with a ___:

A combustible gas detector

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #77) A combustible gas detector is an essential tool for any incident involving odors of gas, since the odorant may have been filtered out of some underground leaks and even the best nose can’t tell the difference between ___ in the air:

3% and 4%

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #78) Tactics at inside leaks – Combustible gas detectors – Most of these devices will indicate ___ of gas in the air (cont. on nc):

Concentration

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #79) Tactics at inside leaks – Combustible gas detectors – Most of these devices will indicate concentration of gas in the air, expressed as a:

Percentage of the lower explosive limit

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #80) Tactics at inside leaks – 1 type of gas detector that FDNY uses doesn’t display the concentration of gas at all, but has proven useful in pinpointing the origin of even small leaks. The FIT 8800 device (works how):

* Sounds audible alarm – * Raises in frequency as concentration of combustible gas increases. * Thus allowing user to follow the sound to source of the leak.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #81) TIF 8800 – Many times an odor of gas is reported in the hallway of an apartment house, with no known source. This detector, when held (where) can locate the correct apartment for entry:

Edge of closed door

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #82) F19-9: Check for NG at the ___ levels:

Upper levels – its lighter than air

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #83) Tactics at inside leaks – For faint odors, always check the condition of ___ as a first action:

Pilot lights

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #84) Tactics at inside leaks – faint odors, always check the condition of pilot lights as a 1st action. If you suspect a leak from a pipe or a fitting, (do what) to try to confirm its presence.

Pour soapy water over suspected area

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #85) Tactics at inside leaks – When you find a leak, always try to isolate the leak as closely as possible to:

The source

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #86) Tactics at inside leaks – When you find a leak, always try to isolate the leak as closely as possible to the source. The problem can often stopped by:

* Turning the ¼ turn appliance valve nearby. | * Leaving rest of appliances unaffected.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #87) (CFPC) – If (turning the ¼ turn appliance valve) not possible, move back along the supply piping to the next point of control, the:

* Meter wing cock | * Generally - another ¼ turn valve just past the meter.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #88) F19-10: Typical residential gas piping can have several points of control from the curb to the appliance. Those are:

* Appliance cocks * Meter cock * Curb valve * (Gas main in street connects to curb valve)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #89) Tactics at inside leaks – Common gas service is often present in ___ occupancies. Such as:

Multiple-tenant occupancies Such as apartment houses and shopping centers.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #90) Common gas service is often present at multiple-tenant occupancies. All tenants have their own meters & meter cocks. Additionally, where service enters the bldg, there will be a master valve called:

The service entrance cock

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #91) (CFPC) The master valve, called the service entrance cock, (does what):

Stops flow for all tenants

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #92) Service entrance cock – use w/ discretion, since a minor leak at an appliance doesn’t warrant:

Shutting of multiple apartments

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #93) Tactics at inside leaks – If there is a major leak (w/in multiple-tenant occupancies, i.e. apt houses/shopping centers), and you experience difficulty in determining which meter controls which apt, the ___ provides the fastest means of control:

Service cock

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #94) F19-11: A large leak in a bldg w/ numerous meters may require shutting down the entire bldg. For most leaks through, isolate the individual apartment by:

Closing its meter cock

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #95) F19-12: In an emergency, the entire gas supply to all of the occupancies in a bldg can be shut of by:

Turning the service entrance cock. | in picture in book – located just above ground level, below the tee, where piping splits off

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #96) Tactics at inside leaks – NG has a flammable (explosive range) of ___ in the air – the mixture must be kept out of this range:

4 – 14%

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #97) (CFPC) – Remember, the odorant permits us to smell as little as ___ gas in the air:

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #98) NG has a flammable (explosive range) of 4 – 14% in the air – the mixture must be kept out of this range. Remember, the odorant permits us to smell as little as 1% gas in the air. That 1% is still ___ of the LEL:

25%

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #99) Tactics at inside leaks – Odorant permits us to smell as little as 1% gas in the air. That 1% is still 25% of the LEL. Only ___ more gas is needed to create the danger of explosion:

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #100) Tactics at inside leaks – All that is required to ignite an explosive gas-air mixture is:

Tiniest of sparks of an open flame (Something as small as the spark that occurs inside a light switch when its thrown on or off, or the static spark created after walking across a carpet can ignite the air-gas mixture)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #100) Tactics at inside leaks – All that is needed to ignite an explosive air/gas mixture is tiny spark or open flame. Things not to do in such general areas?

* Don’t throw switches or * Don’t ring doorbells in gaseous areas. * Be aware of your own portable radio – don’t use to call for help w/ in the gas area bc older radios not rated for use in flammable atmospheres.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #101) Tactics at inside leaks – Be aware of your own portable radio. Check the side of back for markings indicating that the radios are intrinsically safe for use in ___ atmospheres.

Class 1, Division 1 or 2 atmospheres

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #103) * Tactics at inside leaks – Most department pagers → safe or not safe: * Cell phones – most are safe or not safe:

* Pagers – most are safe * Cell phones – most are NOT safe – turn off or leave on rig when investigating gas leaks & other potentially dangerous atmospheres.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #104) Tactics at inside leaks – Anything ___ is a potential source of ignition:

Electrical

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #105) Anything electrical is a potential source of ignition, even when turning it off. Attempt to disconnect power to the ___ only if it can be done safely:

Building

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #106) Tactics at inside leaks – Attempt to disconnect power to the bldg only if it can be done safely. This may involve:

* Tripping main breaker (if it’s remote from gas area) -or- | * Cutting the service entrance wires outside of the bldg.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #107) Tactics at inside leaks – Most utilities advise FDs as well as their own people, not to:

Pull the meter – since its connected by a pipe to the inside of the bldg where the gas is located.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #108) Most utilities advise FD as well as their own people – not to pull the meter since its connected by a pipe to the inside of bldg where gas is located - what may happen?

Gas can drift to the meter pan, which is ignited when the meter is pulled.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #109) Tactics at inside leaks – When outside at the meter, always assume:

There is gas in the pan

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #110) A ___ valve controls the gas service into the building: This valve is located (where):

Curb valve Often located near the sidewalk or curb

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #111) True or false – All buildings have curb valves.

False – not all bldgs have curb valves

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #112) Tactics at inside leaks – Not all bldgs have curb valves. As a guide which services don’t have them and which services do:

* Don’t have – low pressure services & services with outside meters. * Do have – high-pressure, inside services.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #113) Tactics at inside leaks – Determining where to vent is simple, gas is ___ than air: So vent the ___ areas:

* Lighter than air. | * Upper areas – don’t forget blind spaces such as attics and cocklofts.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #114) Tactics at inside leaks – When venting, ___ is generally sufficient. Its rarely necessary to:

* Opening windows. | * Break them (windows).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #115) Tactics at inside leaks – When venting, don’t use ___, even if they are labeled explosion proof:

Smoke ejectors

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #116) When venting, don’t use smoke ejectors, even if they are labeled explosion proof. Why:

Motor may be explosion proof – but blades may strike housing or other mishap may occur - which creates spark.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #117) Tactics at inside leaks – Venting: ___is a much more effective means of venting the structure (cont. on nc):

PPV using fans outside to blow fresh air in

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #118) Venting: Positive pressure ventilation using the fans outside is a much more effective means of venting the structure, if:

Exhaust openings are properly sized & located.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #119) Tactics at inside leaks – Those who are (searching for what 3 things) can usually vent at the same time. Don’t over-commit personnel. Send only enough people to do the job.

* Occupants, * Source of leak & * Shutoff locations.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #120) (CFPC) – Everyone else should stand by a safe location, such as: Why?

* Opposite side of a pumper. | * Will be less exposed if bldg blows.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #121) Tactics at inside leaks – When to vent depends on several factors determined in the field. Generally begin to vent as soon as possible, but weigh:

* How large a leak is present, * The sources of ignition & whether you can control them, and; * The status of the gas-air mixture (below, within, or above flammable range).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #122) Tactics at inside leaks – Of all the decisions to be made, ___ has the most variables:

Where to stop the leak, inside or outside. (practicality of either must be determined and a curb valve isn’t always present).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #123) If curb valves are inaccessible, what is the next location to shut off the gas?

Street shutoffs

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #124) Tactics at inside leaks – Whether it’s NG, LPG, gasoline vapors or other flammable vapors – unless there is a ___ present, treat the situation as the potential time bomb & expect the worst.

Known life hazard present

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #125) (CFPC) Again, use minimum # of people to do the job. Make sure that they are properly trained and equipped with:

* SCBA * F/E tools * Explosion proof lights & radios * 18 or 24” pipe wrench – for turning larger valves.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #126) Tactics at inside leaks – Gas emergencies usually involve at least ___(#) engine companies:

1 Engine Company

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #127) (CFPC) – Enough personnel must be available to stretch a hoseline if needed. The line should be long enough to cover:

The entire bldg

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #128) Tactics at inside leaks – Hoseline shouldn’t be placed where it might be exposed to ___ damage:

Blast

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #129) Tactics at inside leaks – Hoseline shouldn’t be placed where it might be exposed to blast damage. With this in mind, try to position the apparatus to provide:

The most shielding effect for pump operators and non-essential personnel.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #130) Tactics at inside leaks – Water supply should be consistent with:

The expected involvement. (remember – bldg is filled w/ a flammable gas & heavy fire should be expected, although it may be localized near the source of gas after the blast)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #131) Tactics at outside leaks – Leaks at outside structures, although not as common as inside leaks can be just as dangerous, especially if:

The leak occurs underground

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #132) Leaks at outside structures, although not as common as inside leaks can be just as dangerous, especially if the leak occurs underground. That’s because gas takes:

The path of least resistance as it tries to escape to the atmosphere.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #133) (CFPC) - Gas takes the path of least resistance as it tries to escape to the atmosphere. Often that path is along:

* The gas service pipe -or- | * Other underground lines into bldgs or manholes.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #134) * F19-14: At underground leaks, be sure to check the ___ of the surrounding exposure: * Gas can migrate a great distance underground, especially during:

* Cellars. | * Freezing weather.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #135) Tactics at outside leaks – The migration is insidious, because as the gas travels through the ground, it tends to be:

Deodorized as the soil filters out the droplets of odorant.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #136) Tactics at outside leaks – Underground leaks tend to migrate great distances before they are discovered. This is especially true in areas that are:

Largely paved over

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #137) * Tactics at outside leaks – Those nose can easily detect ___% of gas in the air if you walk inform clean air. * But after a short length of time, the nose becomes:

* 1% | * Desensitized - even to dangerous concentrations.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #138) (CFPC) – A well maintained ___ is the only way to check suspected areas safely:

Combustible gas indicator (explosimeter) | preferable to use 2 separate meters to check a given area, since a single meter could be unreliable

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #139) Tactics at outside leaks – (Which season) is practically dangerous in many areas:

Winter

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #140) Tactics at outside leaks – Once the frost line penetrates more than a few inches, it effectively put a lid on the soil – making ___ migration more likely:

Horizontal

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #141) Tactics at outside leaks – Gas lines are also subject to greater stress during periods of repeated freeze & thaw and may fail more often. In the event of an underground leak, check ___ of all bldgs in surrounding area:

Basements

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #142) (CFPC) – Use a reliable gas indicator, and pay particular attention to areas where:

Service lines penetrate the foundation – including gas, water and electric lines.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #143) Tactics at outside leaks – When positioning apparatus, make sure that neither the apparatus nor the operator is:

Over a manhole

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #144) Tactics at outside leaks – Many outside leaks are caused by:

Contractors excavating in the area

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #145) Tactics at outside leaks – Many outside leaks are caused by contractors excavating in the area. Generally, the safest course of action is to:

1. Notify the utility 2. Approach from upwind 3. Evacuate all exposed personnel 4. Stop the sources of ignition 5. Await the utility personnel

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #146) F19-15: Gas main leaks are dangerous events, have operators ___, and evacuate the area. Do no enter the trench to stop the leak unless:

* Shut down engines and equipment. | * A life is at stake.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #147) Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation – Do not touch any ___ located on the street:

Valves

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #148) Leak caused by construction/excavation – If absolutely necessary, you can stop leaks in ___ lines, by using various plugging and patching devices:

Smaller, low-pressure steel lines | only do this to save a life

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #149) Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation – If allowing anyone to enter a trench for leak-stopping purposes, make sure the worked are protected by:

* Water handlines & | * Dry chemical extinguishers.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #150) Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation → Under no circumstance should FD personnel attempt stop a leak on ___ pipes:

Plastic

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #165) Tactics at inside fires → Cellar fires around a gas service – The gas should only be extinguished when control of flow is assured. Preferably, the fire will be extinguished by:

* Turning off the supply. | * But if necessary to save a life – water streams, dry chemical or CO2 may be used.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #151) Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation → Whenever any fluid travels through piping, it creates a ___ in that pipe:

Static electrical charge

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #152) (CFPC) – Whenever any fluid travels through piping – it creates a static electrical charge in the pipe. With steel pipe, the current is:

Drawn off & safely dissipated to ground by the pipe itself.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #153) Whenever any fluid travels through piping, it creates a static electrical charge in the pipe. With steel pipe, the current is drawn off & safely dissipated to ground by the pipe itself. Plastic pipe is an ___:

Insulator

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #154) (CFPC) – Plastic pipe is an insulator, and it is probable that the pipe will have a static charge of up to:

30,000 volts. (A person grabbing plastic pipe to apply a plug will likely discharge this current, creating a spark, thus igniting the gas)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #155) Tactics at outside fires → Operations at fires should be similar to indoor and outdoor operations. As always, 1st steps are to:

* Call utility co. * Control evacuation * Protect exposures * Let fire burn until supply of gas is shut off.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #156) Tactics at outside fires → Small fires may be extinguished with ___ or ___, if necessary to get to a valve or save a life:

Dry chemical or CO2

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #157) Tactics at outside fires → Small fires may be extinguished with dry chemical or CO2, if necessary to get to a valve or save a life. For larger fires, ___ may be used to approach the valves:

Fog stream

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #158) Tactics at outside fires → Use care when placing hose streams where ___ have ruptured the gas line: Why:

* Excavations. * Keep unnecessary water out of the trench, since utility crews may have to get in to stop the leak (water can compound their problem.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #159) Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving ___ or ___ indoors are actually a blessing in disguise:

Gas piping or appliances

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #160) Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances indoors are actually a blessing in disguise. As long as the gas in burning, it cannot:

Build up in the structure and explode.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #161) Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Operations should focus on:

* Cooling exposed piping – especially, meters, * Extinguishing nearby structural elements & other combustibles, while; * Allowing the gas to burn.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #162) * Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Use a ___ to cool exposures: * Avoid directing stream directly at:

* Fog stream. | * The leak – could extinguish the fire & create danger of explosion.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #163) Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Meters can melt, producing sudden intensification of a smaller fire. Be particularly careful when going down into __ fires around a gas service:

Cellar fires | F19-16 - take 2½” for all cellar fires

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #164) Tactics at inside fires → Cellar fires around a gas service – The gas should only be extinguished when ___ is assured:

Control of flow

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #166) During extremely cold weather & especially when it’s cold for extended periods of time, demand for gas is at its peak. In parts of the country, pipelines & gas reserves have been insufficient to meet this demand. During such period, some utilities mix in ___ to make up the difference in supply & demand:

LPG

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #167) (CFPC) – During such times, some utilities mix in liquefied petroleum gas to make up the difference between supply and demand, called:

Peak shaving

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #168) The vapor density of propane is:

1.52

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #169) The vapor density for butane is:

2.01

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #170) Depending on how much of these gases (propane or butane) are added to the natural gas, the ___ of the peak shaving gas will get heavier:

Vapor | alone gas is lighter than air, rises rapidly

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #171) Depending on how much of these gases (propane or butane) are added to the natural gas, the vapor of the peak shaving gas will get heavier. At times, it may approach:

1.0 – which is the weight of air

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #172) (CFPC) - This (vapor of peak shaving gas reaching 1.0) may mean that leaking gas won’t rise as quickly as expected and it may require ___ ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #173) NG is a safe, clean, efficient fuel when properly contained and used. When it is allowed to accumulate where it doesn’t belong, where ___ & ___ are available, the potential for tragedy exists:

Heat and oxygen

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #174) When something does go wrong, cooperation between ___ is essential:

FDs and the utility companies

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #175) 1 of the 1st things that happen when flame exposes the upper part of a/the cylinder is:

Pressure inside begins to rise

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #176) 1 of the 1st things that happen when flame exposes the upper part of a cylinder is the pressure inside begins to rise. At same time, the aluminum or pot-metal valve handle melts, followed by failure of:

The aluminum regulator

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #177) “Jet-like” roaring noise made from a cylinder on fire is cause by:

Fire venting from the cylinder’s relief valve. | can shoot flames 6 – 8’ – potentially igniting nearby exposures or combustibles

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #178) Cylinder fire – 1st priority is to:

Cool the shell of the cylinder – in spite of exposures fires (if present).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #179) BLEVE stands for:

Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosion

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #180) To avoid the casualties (such as BLEVEs), FFs need a working knowledge of (3):

* The properties of LPG, * Cylinders in which they are shipped, * Tactics for dealing w/ various scenarios.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #181) 1. F19-17: LPG is stored in: 2. With the product inside at ___ temp: 3. Thin ___ shell will fail if heated, creating a BLEVE:

1. Single-walled containers. 2. Room temperature. 3. Steel.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #182) LPG is a mixture of several of several of the ___ gases:

Hydrocarbon

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #184) Depending on ___ & ___, the percentages of the various gases in LPG may vary, but the greatest portion of it will consist of propane.

* Region of the country | * Time of year

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #185) Color and odor of pure propane is:

Pure propane is colorless and odorless

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #186) Pure propane is colorless and odorless. To make detectable by humans, an odorant is added, as it is to NG. Unlike NG, however, it is:.

Heavier than air and will collect in low points – possibly traveling great distances, hugging the ground as it travels

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #187) Which has a wider explosive range – Propane or gasoline:

Propane

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #188) • Propane has a wider explosive range than gasoline. Propane LEL:

* Propane UEL: * 2.1% = LEL * 9.5% = UEL

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #189) LPG → Since propane vaporizes or turns into a gas at ___, it is always ready to ignite if it finds the right conditions:

Minus 44 degrees F

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #190) LPG → Though propane tends to sink, air movement in a given area may result in explosive concentrations at nearly any point in an enclosed room, under certain conditions. Gas/air mixture may be too lean at ceiling to ignite & too rich at the floor to burn. (continued on back – not a Q&A card)

But at some point in between – there exists an explosive mixture. All that is needed a source of ignition (spark of static electricity or a pilot light on gas burner, etc)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #191) (CFPC) – When this (ignition of propane) happens it is called a:

Vapor air explosion

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #192) A vapor air explosion is also called a:

Fuel-air explosion

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #193) Which is more devastating – a BLEVE or fuel-air explosion (aka vapor-fuel explosion):

Fuel-air explosion (aka vapor-fuel explosion)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #194) LPG → A fuel-air explosions (aka vapor-air explosions) are more devastating than leaks that immediately ignite or cylinder BLEVEs. This is bc:

* Gas has opportunity to spread out farther & mix with more air – * Thus enlarging the area that ignites at 1 time & greatly increases the pressure that results.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #195) The US military and that of other nations have developed fuel-air explosion bombs to use against:

* Targets such as caves and | * For anti-personnel use.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #196) The US military and that of other nations have developed fuel-air explosion bombs to use against targets such as caves & for anti-personnel use. Dubbed the ___, the US bomb was largely a propane fuel-air explosive:

CBU-55

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #197) Many jurisdictions ban the indoor storage of LPG. In NYC – anything larger than a ___ cylinder requires special permission:

Handheld torch

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #198) In NYC, anything larger than a handheld torch cylinder requires special permission and will be only allowed under severe restrictions of (3), and other criteria:

* Occupancy * Location * Ventilation

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #199) LPG → Even the small amount in a handheld torch can do considerable damage – because of:

* The nature of the gas and; | * The way it’s shipped.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #200) Liquefied propane cylinders contain propane in (which) state:

Liquid and gas states

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #201) LPG → Propane gas can easily be compressed by putting it under pressure. If compressed enough, the gas turns into a:

Liquid

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #202) Propane gas can easily be compressed by putting it under pressure. If compressed enough, the gas turns into a liquid. In doing so, it shrinks to ___:

1/270th of its original volume as a gas | this makes it convenient to ship large quantities

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #203) LPG → Propane gas that is compressed – When the pressure is released, such as by opening the valve, the liquid begins to:

Boil off as a vapor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #204) Propane gas that is compressed – When the pressure is released, such as by opening the valve, the liquid begins to boil of as a vapor. As it does, it expands back to a gas at a rate of:

270 parts for each part of liquid that evaporates.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #205) (CFPC) – It is this rapid expansion of liquid into gas that can wreak havoc a (where):

Confined space

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #206) Consider a leak in a confined space, of only (how much) of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch:

1 single quart

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #207) Consider a leak in a confined space, of only 1 qt of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch. That quart will evaporate into:

270 quarts of pure propane vapor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #208) Consider a leak in a confined space, of only 1 qt of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch. That quart will evaporate into 270 qts of propane vapor. This vapor mixes with air in amounts of:

47:1 (2.1 LEL). | produces 12,857 quarts of explosive gas-air mixture, that only requires a slight spark to detonate

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #209) LPG → A ___ is a particular threat to FFs, since it occurs after the arrival of the FD:

BLEVE

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #210) A BLEVE is a particular threat to FFs, since it occurs after the arrival of the FD – Unlike most fuel-air explosions. Most propane leaks don’t become violent fuel-air explosions late in the incident. Usually the gas ignites almost immediately. In which case (1 of 2):

* There is a routine fire and no explosion, -or- | * The occupants have taken steps to stop the leak & prevent ignition.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #211) (CFPC) - Almost always the 1st thing that happens after ignition of the gas is:

The fire exposes either the gas cylinder involved or nearby cylinders.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #212) LPG cylinders contain propane in both its liquid and gas states – like all liquids, the LPG sits at the bottom of the container while the vapors occupy the top. Liquids, even propane are good:

Coolants

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #213) (CFPC) – As the shell of the cylinder is heated, the area in contact with the liquid is kept cool by:

The propane inside

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #214) As the shell of the cylinder is heated, the area in contact with the liquid is kept cool by the propane inside. The heat being absorbed by the liquid propane raises its temp, making it boil faster, thus increasing:

The pressure on the gas at the top of the cylinder.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #215) LPG → The pressure inside a propane cylinder is directly related to the temperature of:

The liquid inside of it

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #216) LPG → The pressure inside a propane cylinder is directly related to the temperature of the liquid inside of it. At 70 degrees F. the pressure in the cylinder is about:

100 psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #217) LPG → If the temperature goes up to 100 degrees F (as on a hot day, or if cylinder heated by sunlight or fire) – the pressure inside the cylinder goes up to what:

190 psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #218) LPG → If the temperature of the liquid were to continue to rise, so too would the pressure, until the cylinder reached its failure point. At this point, a ___ occur:

BLEVE

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #219) LPG → A BLEVE occurs when:

* A liquid above its boiling point is → * Released suddenly from its container → * And the liquid expands rapidly to become a vapor.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #220) BLEVE – the resulting energy release is tremendous & may launch parts in any direction. True of False → BLEVEs can occur w/ any liquid in a closed container, including water:

True

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #221) LPG → When flammable or combustible liquids are involved (in BLEVE), there is the additional damage caused by the:

Fireball

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #222) LPG → When flammable or combustible liquids are involved (in BLEVE), there is the additional damage caused by the fireball. Even without this, ___ can kill people in its path:

Container shrapnel & scalding liquid

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #223) (CFPC) This is what happens when a ___ boiler explodes. Boiler explosions are BLEVEs that have killed many people without fire:

Steam

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #224) LPG → A BLEVE is a result of:

Too much heat being applied to the cylinder in the wrong location.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #225) BLEVE results if too much heat is being applied to the cylinder in the wrong location. Although this heat raises the pressure inside the cylinder, it isn’t usually the pressure rise that directly causes a BLEVE. Most often, the cause is:

The loss of strength of the metal cylinder when it is heated

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #226) LPG → Just as with a steel beam, when the steel reaches ___ F, the steel in the cylinder has lost half its strength.

1500 degrees F

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #227) BLEVE – The pressure inside pushes through the softened metal (as if it was a thinner piece of material). Therefore, installing a ___ on cylinder won’t always prevent BLEVE from occurring.

Pressure relief valve

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #228) LPG → Installing a pressure relief valve on the cylinder won’t always prevent a BLEVE from occurring, even though it operates and keeps pressures inside at around:

250 psi

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #229) LPG → The only way to prevent a BLEVE is to:

Keep the metal shell from overheating

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #230) F19-19: The only way to prevent a BLEVE is to apply sufficient quantity of cooling water to the exposed to reduce:

Temperature of steel and pressure of the gas inside.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #231) F19-19 (cont): Only way to prevent a BLEVE - Apply sufficient quantity of water to the exposed to reduce the temperature of the steel and the pressure inside of the gas inside. For large tanks, this requires ___ gpm at point of __:

At least 500 gpm / flame impingement

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #232) Propane liquid inside the cylinder keeps metal shell from overheating on the bottom liquid area. But the upper vapor spaces cannot absorb heat from the shell. Unfortunately, ___ is located at the upper vapor space – which create potential leak areas:

* Cylinder control valve * Relief valve * Discharge outlet

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #233) Typical bbq fire scenario → Tactics at LPG incidents should focus on the ___ of the situation:

Unpredictability

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #234) Typical bbq fire scenario → Tactics at LPG incidents should focus on the unpredictability of situation. Cylinders exposed to direct contact w/ flames – particularly when it occurs in the upper vapor spaces are subject to BLEVE in (time):

As little as 10 min

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #235) Typical bbq fire scenario → In addition to the BLEVE hazard, there is the probability of sudden operation of the ___, which can shoot a blast of fire at approaching FFs:

Relief valve

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #236) Typical bbq fire scenario → As with all fires, the strategy must be the same:

1. Protect life. 2. Protect exposures. 3. Then worry about extinguishment

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #237) Typical bbq fire scenario → Life hazard may be less apparent than normal – civilians in close proximity usually back away on their own. Noise level can be uncomfortable in the immediate area. Clear the area at least __ in all directions:

150’

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #238) Typical bbq fire scenario → Cleat the area at least 150’ in all directions. No one should be able to see burning cylinder except:

The nozzle operator and officer. And they should only be peeking from behind shelter long enough to ensure water is actually hitting the container – everyone else; seek shelter behind substantial objects (cars, bldgs, apparatus)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #239) Typical bbq fire scenario → The evacuation of directly exposed structures should be done routinely and should include (which homes):

* Homes on either side and | * Those that adjoin the backyard.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #240) Typical bbq fire scenario → Evacuation of directly exposed structures - do routinely & include homes on either side and those that adjoin the backyard. Evacuation beyond this point generally isn’t necessary since:

Cylinder fragments are unlikely to penetrate 3 frame walls.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #241) Typical bbq fire scenario → Take care when approaching the area. Seek information from the homeowner regarding the state of the cylinder, including:

* How long has it been burning? * How full was it? * If it’s not plainly visible from the street, where is it in relation to the house or garage?

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #242) Typical bbq fire scenario → Particularly at leaking-cylinder incidents, pay attention to:

Open cellar windows – that can let gas enter, possibly to be ignited by a pilot light.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #243) Typical bbq fire scenario → The 1st engine should ensure a continuous water supply, preferably a hydrant capable of supplying:

3 or 4 - 1½” or 1¾” handlines (at minimum)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #244) (CFPC) – In the event of a serious escalation of the incident, placement of lines will be:

* 1 line required w/ in exposed bldg. * 1 outside to protect the exposure. * 1 to control cylinder fire.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #245) Typical bbq fire scenario → FFs should approach cylinder as though they were members of a ___ team flushing out a sniper:

SWAT team | don’t approach like marshals of the Old West at high-noon

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #246) Typical bbq fire scenario → FFs should approach cylinder as though they were members of a SWAT team flushing out a sniper. Hide behind a parked car, the corner of the house or garage or other substantial object until you have been applying water for at least:

2 minutes

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #247) Typical bbq fire scenario → At 2 min mark – fire should’ve decreased in intensity. If it is working, the ___ should shut itself off as the streams cool the cylinder. The fire will not likely go out by itself.

Spring loaded relief valve

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #248) Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – Use the reach of the stream to place some distance between yourself & the cylinder, at least initially. For this purpose, a ___ may be useful:

Straight stream or narrow fog

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #249) Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – As the distance between the nozzle and cylinder decreases, the angle of the fog stream must be:

Widened

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #250) Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – In serious cases, where the nozzle can’t hit the cylinder until you are 5 – 10’ away bc the cylinder is hidden behind the house or garage, you may have to begin the attack with a:

Full wide fog

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #251) Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – if nozzle pattern chosen is too tight, there is a real risk that you will:

* Knock over cylinder – liquid propane instead of propane vapor will be discharged. In addition, you may → * May wind up chasing burning cylinder around yard w/ stream – causing it to ignite other exposures

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #252) Typical bbq fire scenario → Assuming all goes well, and that the initial application of water succeeds in controlling the fire, resist the temptation to:

Rush the affair by closing the valve manually. (Chances are – wont be successful anyway; 1 of 1st things to happen after ignition, valve handle melts off – even w/ Vise-grips or wrench, success isn’t assured)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #253) Typical bbq fire scenario → Rushing in to close the valve manually – Chances are that you won’t be successful. Even w/ tools – success isn’t assured. There is a ___ inside the valve that almost ensures a leak once its been burned away, no matter how much you tighten the valve:

Rubber O-ring (there is also the possibility that the relief valve itself may blow out of the cylinder if it is improperly after being highly heated)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #254) (CFPC) - The best course of action at this point is simply to:

Slow things down. Take a moment to evaluate your options.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #255) Typical bbq fire scenario → (CFPC) – Slow things down, take a moment to evaluate your options. Ask yourself:

* What happens if you put out the fire and the leak continues? * Where will the gas accumulate? * Are there any sources for re-ignition? * How is the fire behaving? * Is it burning steadily or subsiding slowly?

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #256) Typical bbq fire scenario → Depending on the circumstances, you may choose to continue to allow a controlled burn or to extinguish the fire. Extinguishing the fire isn’t recommended in (which) areas:

Built-up areas where gas can accumulate and find sources of ignition.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #257) (CFPC) – On other hand, if there’s plenty of open space and a good breeze blowing away from the exposures, ___ may be perfectly acceptable:

Extinguishing the fire

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #258) Typical bbq fire scenario → All members should be aware of the consequences of an uncontrolled leak and know what to do about it, since quite often the fire is inadvertently:

Extinguished by the initial attack

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #259) Typical bbq fire scenario → Fire inadvertently extinguished by the initial attack – In this event (actions are):

* Continue applying fog stream to divert the gases away from danger spots – such as cellar windows as well as to; * Dilute the gas concentration.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #260) Typical bbq fire scenario → 1 advantage you (FD) has on your side, the ___ of the container:

Size (Such 20 lb cylinders produce sizable fires, but not eternal flame. They have limited supply of fuel – once its gone, the incident is over)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #261) Typical bbq fire scenario → In tests held in Nassau County Fire Academy on Long Island, full 20-lb cylinders exposed to direct flame impingement on the vapor space burned themselves out in:

Less than 20 min

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #262) Typical bbq fire scenario → Nassau County Fire Academy (fire exposure) tests – the gas escaped through:

* Both the cylinder valve (when rubber O-ring burned away) -and- * The relief valve.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #263) Gases aren’t the only problem FFs encounter. Heating systems account for ___% of all fires.

21%

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #264) Grades of fuel oil → Fuel oils come in several different grades, from ___ to ___:

No. 1 to No. 6

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #265) Grades of fuel oil → Among the factors that determine the grade is the ___ of the oil:

Flashpoint Fuel oils have flashpoints that are relatively safe

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #266) * Grades of fuel oil → No. 1 oil, the __ of the oils: * No. 1 oil has a minimum flashpoint of: * No. 1 is similar to ___:

* Lightest. * 100 degrees F. * Kerosene oil.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #267) * Grades of fuel oil → No. 2 oil, is the most common for ___: * No. 2 oil has a minimum flash point of: * No. 2 oil has more ___ than No. 1 oil:

* 1 & 2 family houses. * 100 degrees F * Impurities.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #268) Grades of fuel oil → No. 3 oil – Formerly an ___ grade. No. 3 oil is no longer commonly found.

Intermediate grade

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #269) 1. Grades of fuel oil → No. 4 oil may be used for ___ applications: 2. No. 4 oil flashpoint is: 3. Even w/ flashpoint, No. 4 oil doesn’t require:

1. Midsize applications – such as apt bldgs, factories 2. 130 degrees F 3. Preheating.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #270) Grades of fuel oil → No. 5 oil has a flash point of: No. 5 oil has more impurities than No. __ oil:

* 130 degrees F. * No. 4 oil * No. 5 oil may be preheated to get the oil to flow easily.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #271) * Grades of fuel oil → Heaviest oil is: * No. 6 oil flashpoint is: * No. 6 oil requires heating to:

* No. 5 & No. 6 oils | * Note – No. 4 used in midsize applications such as apt. bldgs.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #272) Grades of fuel oil → Both No. ___ & ___ oils are primarily industrial oils used in large plants and apartment complexes:

* No. 5 & No. 6 oils * Note – No. 4 used in midsize applications such as apt. bldgs. * 5 & 6 used in apt complexes * No. 2 – 1 & 2 family homes.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #273) Grades of fuel oil → When heavier oils are stored, ___ or ___ is piped to heating coils w/in the oil storage tank. These heating pipes serve to preheat the oil:

Unused steam or hot water from the boiler

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #274) Grades of fuel oil → When heavier oils are stored, unused steam or unused water from the boiler is piped to heating coils w/in the oil storage tank. These heating pipes serve to preheat the oil, at time to more than ___ (temp):

212 degrees F FFs – be cautious when operating around these hi-temp tanks and piping, can cause burns.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #275) (CFPC) – Heavier oils stored – These oils are often above their ___. Any release will result in the travel of flammable vapors looking for a source of ignition:

Flashpoint

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #276) The oil burner → For oil to burn, there must be (3 items) present in sufficient capacity:

* Heat * Fuel * Oxygen

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #277) The oil burner → The modern oil burner – Its ___ atomizes the oil into tiny droplets (cont. on nc)

High-pressure oil gun

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #278) The oil burner → The modern oil burner – Its high-pressure oil gun atomizes the oil into tiny droplets, w/ a great deal of surface area, eliminating the need to:

Preheat the oil – and the eradicating of the heavy black smoke so common to burning in the air.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #279) Oil burners consists of (2):

A firebox and an oil gun

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #280) The oil burner → Oil burners consist of a firebox and an oil gun. Process of burning oil is – 1st the burner receives its supply of oil from the tank & burns oil, then transfers heat to a useful place, generally to:

Make hot water or steam

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #281) (CFPC) – Process of burning oil is – 1st the burner receives its supply of oil from the tank & burns oil, then transfers heat to a useful place, generally to make hot water or steam. Any products of combustion are then vented up a:

Smoke pipe to the chimney, and out to the atmosphere.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #282) The oil burner → The process is done automatically and the system shuts itself off as directed by built-in controls. The components of an oil burner are divided into 2 systems:

Oil handling and controls

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #283) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: The most common oil-burner is the ___ type:

High-pressure gun type

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #284) The most common oil-burner is the high-pressure gun type. Oil is drawn from the tank through a pipeline to the oil pump in the gun. A shut-off valve on the ___ line is found at the tank, and often the burner as well:

Supply

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #285) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun oil burner – oil is drawn in from the tank to through a pipeline to the oil pump at the gun. This pump supplies oil to the nozzle at pressures ranging from ___ psi in homes to ___ psi in large installations:

* 100 psi in homes | * 300 psi in large installations

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #286) F19-20: The oil-handling system brings the oil from the tan to the ___, and in some instances, allows oil to:

* Burner head. | * Circulate back to the tank.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #287) F19-20 (cont): Oil-handling system – In the event of an emergency, be sure to close the valve(s) on the handling system. There is 1 usually located (where), and possibly an additional valve located at the ___:

* Base of the oil tank. | * Burner head.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #288) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Pump supplies oil to nozzle at pressures of 100 psi (homes) to 300 psi (large installations). The high-pressure discharge acts like a high-pressure booster line, (does what to) the oil into.....

Breaking up or atomizing

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #289) (CFPC) The high-pressure discharge acts like a high-pressure booster line, breaking up or atomizing the oil into very fine particles and (this does what to the oil):

Exposing more surface oil to combine w/ oxygen

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #290) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – also contains an air fan to blow fresh air through the oil spray at the same time. At the end of the gun is a:

Source of ignition

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #291) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – at the end of the gun is a source of ignition, either a:

* Pilot light -or- | * (More often), 2 high voltage electrodes – that create an electric arc like a spark plug.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #292) High-pressure gun – at the end of the gun is a source of ignition, either a pilot light or more often, 2 high-voltage electrodes that create an electric arc like a spark plug. Voltage of electrodes is:

5,000 or more volts

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #293) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – With fuel & oxygen present, a signal is needed to light the pilot & begin the chain reaction, producing fire. This fire when it occurs, is meant to take place within the:

Firebox

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #294) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – the firebox is:

* A chamber lined w/ firebrick to control the fire within. | * (When fire occurs, takes place within)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #295) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Inside the firebox are ___, around which the heated air flows (cont. on nc):

Coils

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #296) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Inside the firebox are coils, around which the heated air flows. The heat is transferred to the ___ within these coils:

* Water. | * Water then used to warm the premises or perform a work function.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #297) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – The unused heat and gases formed in combustion rise out of the burner into the___:

Smoke pipe

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #298) The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – The unused heat and gases formed in combustion rise out of the burner into the smoke pipe, which is:

* A metal duct – | * Connects burner to the chimney

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #299) The oil burner → The control system: The main or primary control features a starting circuit and a running circuit that control the operation of the:

* Fuel pump, * Fan, & * Igniter.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #300) F19-21: The control system on a typical residential burner has variety of sensors that are designed to the burner functioning smoothly. These include (4). Which is usually painted red? Which is switch FFs should concern themselves with?

* Thermostats, * Aquastats * Pressuretrols • Emergency shut off switch – (RED & only switch FFs should concern selves with)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #301) The oil burner → The control system: The main or primary control features a starting & running circuit that control the operation of the fuel pump, fan & igniter. It also has a safety circuit, which shuts down the fan and pump if:

* The igniter malfunctions -or- | * Fails to light after 90 seconds.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #302) The oil burner → The control system: The ___ is the most common of the limit controls:

Thermostat

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #303) The oil burner → The control system: The thermostat is the most common of the limit controls. Its function is to:

Send a signal to the burner that the fire is required.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #304) The oil burner → The control system: When the thermostat senses a ___, it goes in the on position. When the ___ has been satisfied, it goes to the off position:

* Demand for heat | * Heat demand

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #305) The oil burner → The control system: There are 2 other limit switches you may encounter; the Pressuretrol & the Aquastat. The Pressuretrol is used to sense:

* Pressure w/in a steam system | * May have max & min setting

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #306) Limit switches - The Pressuretrol is used to sense pressure within a steam system, may have a minimum as well as a maximum setting. The max setting, usually only setting used in ___ occupancies, shuts down burner high pressures that could ___:

* Residential occupancies. | * Rupture the piping.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #307) (CFPC) – In some cases, large commercial applications, there may be some processes that require a steady supply of steam at a useful pressure. In this case, the ___ setting (of the Pressuretrol) may keep the burner operating even though there is not need for heating the premises.

Low setting

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #308) The oil burner → The control system: There are 2 other limit switches you may encounter; the Pressuretrol & the Aquastat. Aquastats are often found on ___ systems:

Steam & hot-water systems

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #309) The oil burner → The control system: Aquastats often found on hot-water and steam systems. They perform roughly the same function as the thermostat and Pressuretrol, which is to:

* Keep the temperature of the water within set limits, | * By turning the burner on and off.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #310) The oil burner → The control system: Limit switches - the Pressuretrol, the Aquastat & the thermostat – all 3 controls send their message through the:

Primary control

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #311) The oil burner → The control system: The ___, is extremely important for the FD, for it is the preferred means of interrupting the operation of the burner.

The remote control, or emergency switch.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #312) The oil burner → The control system: The emergency switch cuts all power to (which 3 items):

* Pump * Fan * Igniter

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #313) The oil burner → The control system: The emergency switch cuts all power to the pump, fan & igniter – usually from a relatively safe area such as:

* The top of the cellar stairs -or- | * Outside the burner room.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #314) The oil burner → The control system: A stack switch is a ___ (what kind of) switch: (cont. on NC 316)

Bimetallic

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #315) The oil burner → The control system: What sends a signal to the burner that the fire is required:

The thermostat

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #316) The oil burner → The control system: A stack switch is a bimetallic strip that is designed to:

Sense the presence of smoke and heat in the smoke pipe.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #317) The oil burner → The control system: During the initial call for heat, the ___ operates as the starting circuit.

Primary control

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #318) During the initial call for heat, the primary control operates as the starting circuit; that is, oil pressure & airflow are built up and the arc or pilot flame is started. If the oil ignites & the heat flows up the stack – the stack senses this and switches the primary control to the:

Running circuit – stopping the pilot flame or arc.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #319) The oil burner → The control system: The main purpose of the stack switch is to:

* Act as a safeguard. | * Keeping the oil & air mixture from building up in the box if no fire is present.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #320) (CFPC) – Main purpose of the stack switch is to act as a safeguard. Keeping the oil & air mixture from building up in the box if no fire is present – it does this by:

Stopping power to the pump and fan.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #321) The oil burner → The control system: On newer burners, the stack switch may be replaced by a ___, serving the same purpose:

Infrared sensor at the burner head

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #322) Potential burner problems → The 1st & probably easiest problem to handle is the:

Smoking burner

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #323) Potential burner problems → To burn cleanly, oil requires (2 things):

* Proper dispersion (atomization) & | * The proper ratio of air to fuel.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #324) Potential burner problems → To burn cleanly, oil requires, proper dispersion (atomization) and the proper ratio of air to fuel. No. 2 oil must be burned with ___ of air to burn efficiently:

* 2,000 cu ft of air | * (If anything interferes with this ratio will likely be soot).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #325) Potential burner problems → Soot can result from (any of 4). The smoke may back up out of the firebox – prompting owner to contact FD.

* Clogged nozzles * Clogged air supplies * Worn-out pump * Fan motors

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #326) Potential burner problems → Smoking burner (problem) – Soot may make smoke back up out of firebox, prompting owner to call FD. FD procedures:

* On approach - observe chimney for thick smoke (burners operating properly burn cleanly) * On arrival – Verify from occupants cause 4 alarm * Make quick size-up * Locate & turn off emergency switch * Turn off oil tank valve/exam to verify cause is minor * Advise occupant of need for adjustment by qualified serviceman – preferably in writing; keep copy in event owner turns back on w/ out it serviced.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #327) Potential burner problems → The 2nd condition FD is often called out is delayed ignition, aka:

* Kickback. | * 1st problem – smoking burner.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #328) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition, aka kickback is when:

* Thermostat calls for heat, begins to start cycle. * Oil & air are discharged into the firebox. * For some reason – ignition doesn’t occur immediately.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #329) (CFPC) - Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – thermostat calls for heat, oil & air discharged into firebox - but ignition doesn’t occur immediately. Oil vapors fill chamber & travel up the smoke pipe, while the primary control is trying to (at same time) to recycle the start up. If successful & does produce ignition source, then:

* Entire cloud of oil vapor will ignite almost at once. * This is accompanied by loud thud – similar to explosion. * Which can knock the smoke pipe loose from chimney or blow open the burner door – either allow smoke to enter the burner room.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #330) Potential burner problems → (CFPC) – Burning oil may also have pooled into the bottom of the firebox or run out onto the floor. If fire has extended to nearby combustibles, handle the incident as a ___ fire, keeping in mind that the burner must be controlled by shutting down __:

* Cellar fire | * Power & fuel

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #331) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – More often, the fire is confined to the burner & immediate area. Tenants frequently report an:

Explosion in the cellar

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #332) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – Tenants frequently report an explosion in the cellar. After arriving units are met by occupants reporting loud bang & thick black smoke – At such incident FFs should take following steps:

1. Shut off remote control 2. Enter basement to examine area 3. Stretch a line as back up 4. Use portable extinguisher (next card) 5. Vent 6. Shut off oil at the tank 7. Examine area for extension o fire 8. Advise owner in writing – to call technician.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #333) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – CFPC – Step #4 – Use a handline or portable extinguisher – which extinguisher only if ___. Which extinguishers can be used:

* Only if oil is burning outside the burner. | * AFFF, Dry Chemical, CO2

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #334) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – If the fire is burning inside the firebox, actions are:

* Allow fire to burn itself out. * (Using water or dry chemical inside firebox may do unnecessary damage) * (Firebox is supposed to have fire in it).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #335) Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – (CFPC) – Water & foam in particular are dangerous, why:

* Cooling hot cast iron w/ water can of foam can cause the box to crack * Allowing steam, hot water or both to burn FFs.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #336) The least common oil burner response, is also the most dangerous. In the case of the ___, a truly life-threatening emergency exists for both occupants & FFs:

The white ghost

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #337) The white ghost → A white ghost a cloud of:

* Vaporized oil and air, and; * Heated above its flashpoint & out of its container → * Looking for a source of ignition.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #338) White ghost cloud is usually produced when:

* Burner that’s been running at peak for long period shuts down → * And is shortly thereafter called on for more heat.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #339) The white ghost → Fairly common during:

Severe cold spells

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #340) White ghost if fairly common during severe cold spells. If there is a delay in ignition, the air/oil mixture in the firebox is vaporized by the highly heated walls of the burner, creating a:

Fog like mist w/ smell of fuel oil

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #341) The white ghost → (CFPC) – The vaporization cause the mixture (oil-air) to expand, filling surroundings with a highly flammable combination of heated:

Vapor & air

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #342) The white ghost → (CFPC) – The vaporization cause the mixture (oil-air) to expand, filling surroundings with a highly flammable combination of heated vapor & air. If this finds an ignition source, there will be a:

Fuel-air explosion – than can blow down walls and floors.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #343) * The white ghost → Fire units encountering – use ___ nozzle as protection: * Vent in a low area, using ___ to clear low-lying areas, venting to safe locations.

* Fog nozzle open in a wide pattern. | * Positive pressure fans.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #344) The white ghost → Fire units encountering this situation (white ghost) should immediately take the following steps to prevent ignition and to protect life:

1. Evacuate bldg immediately 2. Don’t enter cloud for any reason 3. Shut down remote control – use SCBA & wide fog for protection 4. Use fog to saturate & cool cloud 5. Vent area – PPV to clear low-lying areas. 6. Secure other ignition sources 7. Shut off fuel.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #346) Oil burner incidents bring numerous responses during the winter season. By in large, they are routine alarms that result in ___ when handled properly:

Minor damage

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #347) (CFPC) – If basic, necessary procedures aren’t followed – excessive property damage, injury & death may ensue. Wear ___ & call for a ___ if you have any doubt of the severity of the emergency:

* SCBA | * Handline

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #348) Roach bombs → Another increasingly common source of fuel-air explosions are roach bombs. These incidents involve a:

* Container of insecticide, | * Designed to disperse cloud of insect-killing vapor inside home or apartment.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #349) Roach bombs → Vapors are flammable. If conditions are right, explosion can occur that can blow down walls or floors. The containers (of insecticide) contain a written warning to be sure to:

Turn off all sources of ignition before activating the spray cylinder that locks on – this is sometimes overlooked.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #350) Containers (of insecticide) contain a written warning to be sure to turn off all sources of ignition before activating the spray cylinder that locks on – sometimes overlooked. Most often, the ___ is the culprit:

Pilot light on the stove

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #351) F19-22: Roach bombs are insecticide-dispersal devices that fill homes or apartments with a flammable ___ mixture. If sources of ignition have not been removed, an explosion is likely:

Vapor-air mixture

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #352) Roach bombs → Multiple containers are often dispersed throughout the home, creating a flammable atmosphere. Fortunately, the toxic environment the spray creates means:

* Occupants not likely to be home (when vapors reach source of ignition). * At least not in original apartment – in apartment houses, occupants of other apts are endangered.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #353) Roach bombs are sometimes encountered together with another insect repellant, (that is):

Sulfur candles Recipe for disaster – since the open flame of the sulfur candle is a source of ignition for the roach bomb spray.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #354) Roach bombs → FFs often called to the scene where sulfur candles are in use due to:

The pungent smell they give off

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #355) Roach bombs → Encountered with sulfur candles (type of insect repellent) – Use caution upon entry. If you hear a hissing sounds, that may mean ___. Actions are:

* Roach bomb may be dispersing & the area may be approaching ignition. * Leave area & evacuate adjoining apartments immediately (not likely to be anyone in original apt due to fumes).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #356) Roach bombs → Encountered with sulfur candles (type of insect repellent) – Fumes are toxic, so wear mask when entering these areas. Actions are:

* Extinguish candles. | * Vent area thoroughly.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 357) 2 technological developments have made smoke much less of a problem than it was 42 years ago (those are):

* Masks – allows us to breathe in even heaviest smoke. | * TICs – allow us to see through it.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 358) Smoke can be a problem for FFs – knowledgeable FFs can use smoke to their advantage if they can read its message - smoke can help FFs determine ___ and suggest ___:

* Determine location & intensity of fire, | * Suggest possible strategies.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 359) Often, the 1st indication that FFs have a working fire is:

A rising column of smoke – sometimes visible for blocks.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 360) Black smoke suggest the presence of burning:

Petroleum based products

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 361) Large volumes of dense black smoke at the level of the roof could signal the involvement of:

Roofing materials

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 362) Lighter volumes of black smoke at the roof or basement entrance could be the result of:

A defective oil burner

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 363) Lighter volumes of black smoke at the roof or basement entrance could be the result of a defective oil burner and should prompt FFs to bring a ___ with them:

Class B extinguisher

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 364) Historically, black smoke from the interior of a residential building often meant the presence of:

An accelerant

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 365) Historically, black smoke from the interior of a residential building often meant the presence of an accelerant. But this clue is no longer reliable because of:

The proliferation of plastics

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 366) F19-24 – Large column of black smoke suggest a Class ___ fire, but it has a lot of gray mixed in.

Class B

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 367) Common Class A materials produce a ___ (color) smoke when oxygen is present:

Gray to light brown

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 368) Common Class A materials produce a gray to light brown smoke when oxygen is present. When less than sufficient oxygen is available, large amounts of ___ smoke are produced:

Dark grey or yellow gray

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 369) Class A materials - With less than sufficient oxygen is available, large amounts of dark gray or yellow gray are produced. This is an indication of ___. Especially if the smoke is:

* Potential backdraft. | * Issuing under pressure & is being drawn back into the bldg.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 370) * F19-25: The color of smoke if an indicator of the: * Grey-brown smoke suggest a Class ___ material:

* The fuel burning. | * Class A = Grey-brown smoke.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 371) Many materials produce smoke of different colors – Compounds containing oxides of nitrogen give off (which hue):

* Reddish brown | * (Unlikely to be found at residential or routine commercial fires)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 372) The movement of smoke can tell a FF about the ___ of the fire:

Intensity of the fire

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 373) * Heavy, rolling clouds violently twisting skyward indicate: * This is frequently followed by:

* Indicate extremely hot smoke from intense fire deep in bldg * Followed by fire igniting through openings out of which smoke is pouring

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 374) Heavy, rolling clouds violently twisting skyward indicate extremely hot smoke from intense fire deep inside the bdlg. Frequently followed by fire igniting through openings out of which smoke is pouring. Andy Fredericks described this condition as:

Black fire FFs should use extreme caution when entering areas exhibiting this condition to avoid being caught in a flashover.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 375) Wispy smoke, usually light in color, indicates a fire in the ___ state:

* Incipient. * (Use of an extinguisher should solve the problem before the fire poses a danger – however, be prepared to stretch line to back up extinguisher).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #376) Cold smoke is:

Smoke that settles or hangs in low spots

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #377) Smoke that settles or hangs in low spots is known as cold smoke. Cold smoke is found in (which fires):

* Fires in sprinklered areas -or- | * Where fire has been fully or partially extinguished.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #378) Fires that are partially extinguished give off great amounts of ___, an often unrecognized danger to FFs:

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #379) (CFPC) – The necessity of wearing an SCBA isn’t always obvious in such fires, but essential to protect self from the odorless CO. SCBA should be worn until:

A CO meter indicates the atmosphere no longer poses a threat.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #380) ___ often masks the seat of the fire, making it difficult to determine the fire area:

Smoke

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #380) ___ often masks the seat of the fire, making it difficult to determine the fire area:

Smoke

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #382) (CFPC) – Since smoke normally rises, the lowest floor of visible smoke will usually have some fire on it. However, FFs should make a point of checking ___ floor(s) below this level:

At least 1 floor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #383) A heavy smoke condition present throughout the bldg with no fire visible frequently indicates a ___ fire

Cellar

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #384) A heavy smoke condition present throughout the bldg with no fire visible frequently indicates a cellar fire. This is even more apparent if:

* Smoke is issuing from the chimney, | * Especially during non-heating seasons.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #385) F19-26: A reliable ___ is the only way to tell when its safe to discontinue the use of SCBA.

CO meter

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #386) F19-26 (cont): A reliable CO meter should be used routinely when:

* Investigating responses to CO alarms -as well as- * After knocking down structural fires. * (The precaution of double checking w/ a 2nd meter is strongly recommended).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #387) The ___, while not as sophisticated as that of other animals, is still a marvelous sensory organ:

The human nose

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #388) (CFPC) Human nose – FFs quickly learn to identify commonly encountered aromas. Often, the fire is detected in such an early state that smoke & flame aren’t visible. Odor is the only clue that a problem exists. This is especially true with in increasing presence of:

Smoke detectors

Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #389) * Scenario – Thanksgiving night at 1145 pm. * Respond to report of smoke on 3rd floor. * Bldg is 4 story B&WJ apt. bldg. * Nothing unusual on arrival – few lights on. * No smoke showing, no indication of fire. * On 3rd floor – 6 units w/ doors closed. Faint odor of smoke, how proceed? – Most logical step is:

* Request dispatcher contact calling party & pinpoint where smell was 1st noticed. * Caller can determine – whether getting stronger or dissipating. * Can possible aid in locating the source.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #390) Sometimes the ___ of certain fires will point FFs in the right direction.

Distinct odor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #391) It is important to exercise discretion when alerting sleeping families. (Thanksgiving scenario) – Pressing a nose to each door might identify the location. If this is unsuccessful, knock on each door – quick look in each apt is usually sufficient. The offending pot on a stove is usually located in:

An apartment when no one is home or the resident has fallen asleep.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #392) A ___ may offer another view of the structure, and it permits forcible entry through windows once the source has been located:

Fire escape

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #393) (CFPC) - Fire escape minimizes damage & doesn’t generally affect the security of the apartment. Remember – often no one is home – If f/e is required, arrange ___ before leaving the scene:

* Arrange w/ PD, responsible tenant or bldg maintenance – * For security of the apartment before leaving the scene. * (Record name of person accepting responsibility).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #394) When entering from a fire escape, it is wisely to announce yourself loudly as ___, before you set foot inside, lest you be mistaken for a burglar.

‘the fire department’

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #395) If you are investigating an odor of smoke and actually do smell smoke, do not leave scene until:

You have located the source.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #396) If you are investigating an odor of smoke and actually do smell smoke, do not leave scene until you have located the source. Can take time & effort, but its for your protection as well as that of the occupants. This is particularly true at (where/when):

Residential bldgs - during the evening and night hours.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #397) Confusion often occurs in larger bldgs when odors of smoke are reported in several areas. This can happen if:

* Elevator motors overheat. | * Allowing smoke to drift through the shaft as the cars move.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #398) Smoke reported on multiple floors → elevator motors overheat, another common occurrence is the an:

Overheated motor of an HVAC system – that dumps smoke throughout ductwork.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #399) Smoke reported on multiple floors → Can be overheated elevator motors or overheated motor of an HVAC system – In either case, send someone w/ a radio to locate the ___ as quickly as possible:

* Machinery spaces. | * (Fires usually occur where equipment is found – they don’t normally begin in the middle of the shafts or ducts)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #400) Other fires that often result in reports of smoke on several floors (besides overheated elevator or HVAC motors) involve 2 other kinds of shafts:

* Incinerator shafts – shaft becomes blocked by rubbush. | * Fires in trash compactor chutes.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #401) ___ shafts are common in many older, multistory buildings:

Incinerator

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #402) Incinerator shafts are common in many older, multistory bldgs. They allow rubbish to be dropped through a ___ door, into a ___:

* Fire-resistant door. | * Chimney to be burned at the base of the shaft.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #403) The doors to the shafts (incinerator shafts) are located (where):

* On each floor – | * Usually in or just off of the common hallway.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #404) F19-27: Compactors & incinerators connect to connect to vertical shafts that open onto ___ of many apt houses & bldgs such as hospitals:

* Public hallways. | * Doors are supposed to be self-closing, to prevent fire & smoke from filling hallways – not always the case.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #405) Fires in an incinerator (is or isn’t) necessarily an emergency:

Isn’t

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #406) A fire in an incinerator isn’t necessarily a big deal. In fact, many incinerators have ___, to make the rubbish burn hotter, and therefore, cleaner:

Auxiliary burners – usually NG or propane

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #407) Incinerator problems develop when:

* An oversized piece of rubbish is forced into the shaft – | * Blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #408) Incinerator problems develop when an oversized piece of rubbish is forced into the shaft – blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney. The gases start to:

Bank down & push their way out of the chute through paths of least resistance.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #409) Incinerator problems develop when an oversized piece of rubbish is forced in the shaft – blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney. The gases start to Bank down & push their way out of the chute through paths of least resistance, usually:

The hopper doors on each floor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #410) (CFPC) – Solution is to locate the blockage & remove it. Examine each floor where smoke is reported. The halls in these areas must be checked to make sure:

* Smoke isn’t coming from an apartment fire, as well as – | * To search for life hazards & fire extension.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #411) (CFPC) – The amount & toxicity of rubbish generated in even a small to medium size apartment bldg or hospitals is staggering. Large quantities of ___ are present:

Plastics, as well as aerosol cans & containers of flammable liquids.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #412) The use of ___ in incinerator & compactor fires should be mandatory:

SCBA

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #413) Incinerator & compactor fires – While searching these areas, a quick examination of the ___ will reveal whether FFs are above or below the fire:

* Chute door * Below fire if – smoke comes out when door is opened. * Proceed until you reach a floor where no smoke comes out when you open the door (then – either above blockage or blockage has freed itself).

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #414) (CFPC) – To free the rubbish, use ___ or ___ to try to push it down:

* Hook -or- | * Several cast iron sash weights tied on a retrievable chain to try to push it down.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #415) Pushing down blockage in an incinerator shaft → Prevent any part of your body from getting into the shaft, because:

Residents above may unknowingly drop more debris.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #416) If attempts to push down the blockage (in an incinerator shaft), it may be possible to:

* Burn it out. * Go to floor above blockage – * Ignite a newspaper, and – * Drop it onto the pile. * (Should all else fail – put out the fire and have maintenance personnel clear the blockage)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #417) Remember, that most incinerators have an ___ that must be down before extinguishing the fire.

Auxiliary burner (often gas-fired)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #418) Remember, that most incinerators have an auxiliary burner that must be down before extinguishing the fire. Otherwise, (what can happen):

Gas will fill the shaft and could explode

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #419) Compactors resemble incinerators, consisting of shafts with ___ at each floor to convey rubbish to the basement for removal:

Hopper doors

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #420) Compactors differ from incinerators, because they:

Aren’t designed to hold fire at any time

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #421) Smoke coming from a (compactor or incinerator shaft) indicates that immediate action in needed:

Compactor

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #422) Smoke coming from a compactor indicates that immediate action in needed, since (because):

Fire could spread throughout bldg

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #423) Smoke from compactor indicates immediate action is needed since fire can spread throughout bldg. Tactics are:

* Stretch a charged line to1st floor above fire & operate it into shaft – if needed to prevent extension. * At same time, FFs should go to basement and work on extinguishment.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #424) (Use extreme caution when operating in these rooms) Compactor rooms pose the following hazards to FFs:

* High-voltage electrical equipment, * High-pressure hydraulic hoses, * Moving rams that can shear arm if caught in the compactor. * Falling debris, * Exploding bottles & cans.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #425) Many jurisdictions require ___ in compactor chutes:

Auto sprinklers

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #426) Many jurisdictions require automatic sprinklers in compactor chutes, but they are often turned off due to (2):

* Frequency of such fires & | * The difficulty of replacing a fused head in the shaft.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #427) The ___ is another shaft (besides incinerators, trash chutes, elevators, HVAC) that often travels the height of the bldg & frequently causes reports of smoke:

Chimney

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #428) Chimney – shaft that often travels height of bldg & frequently causes reports of smoke. ___ units are clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension:

Gas-fired

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #429) Gas fired units – clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension. They are, however, subject to:

Gas leaks & backup of fumes from a clogged or defective chimney –

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #430) Gas fired units – clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension. They are, however, subject to gas leaks & backup of fumes from a clogged or defective chimney. Fumes in this case are less odorous than those from an oil burner & difficult to recognize without a:

CO detector

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #431) In recent years, another non-fire emergency has emerged causing numerous FD responses; the CO detector. This device has been available in some for or another for more than ___ years:

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #432) CO detector – device has been available in some form or another for more than 60 years, beginning with:

Colorimetric tubes

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #433) CO detector – Colorimetric tubes required:

* Ends of glass tube to be broken off. | * And a sample of suspected atmosphere be drawn in through mechanical pump

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #434) In early 1990’s, ___ detectors, similar to smoke detectors became commercially available at reasonable costs:

Self-contained battery powered

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #435) Following the well-publicized (which event), the demand for CO detectors skyrocketed.

Death of tennis star Vitas Gerulaitis from CO poisoning.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #436) Fire Officers responding to such an alarm (activated CO detectors), must have (4):

* Plan of action. * Proper tools to conduct an investigation. * Understanding of how such devices operate. * Knowledge of symptoms of CO poisoning.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #437) The most common CO detectors are:

Self-contained battery operated units – that look just like smoke detectors.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #438) Next time you respond to a (CO activation) alarm – don’t tell occupants that their smoke detector must be broken bc there is no smoke present. CO is colorless, odorless and tasteless. Only way to detect it (CO) is with a:

Calibrated carbon monoxide meter

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #439) F19-29: CO detectors should be a standard part of every fire unit’s tool complement. They are useful at CO detector investigation as well as at structure fires, to indicate that CO levels have dropped enough to allow ___ to be removed:

The SCBA

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #440) If you respond and find an activated CO detector, you should 1st ask the occupants:

* Whether they feel ill. * (Actually, dispatcher should take this step on receipt of alarm & if anyone reported flu like symptoms – An EMS unit should be also be dispatched)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #441) CO exposure, often produces the following flu-like symptoms:

* Fatigue * Headache * Nausea * Dizziness * Mental confusion

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #442) If anybody is reporting (such flu-like) symptoms, actions should be:

* Building should be evacuated – * Until it can be checked for CO w/ proper meters. * There’s no alternative to testing w/ meters; if don’t have → call for them – other units, depts, local gas utility.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #443) (CFPC) If you let occupants back in w/ out doing thorough examination w/ proper detection equipment & subsequently some die, ___ may be held criminally liable:

* 15 parts of CO per million parts of air → Over either an – * 8-hr time frame or 30 day – (depending on when detector was made)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #444) Most battery-powered units will activate either for low levels of CO over long times – those low levels/times are?

* 15 parts of CO per million parts of air → Over either an – * 8-hr time frame or 30 day – (depending on when detector was made)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #445) High doses in shorter time frames of battery powered units are:

100 ppm in 90 min to 400 ppm in 15 min

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #446) Unlike 120v detectors, they won’t reset quickly. Battery-powered CO detectors are designed to function like the ___, which absorbs & holds on to CO for long periods of time, releasing it slowly:

Human body

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #447) Battery powered CO detectors – The sensor that is in these battery powered units is a ___ that absorbs CO:

Gel

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #449) * Battery operated CO detectors – Have limited life spans, typically: * Will ___ (do what) when approaching the end of their service life & require replacement:

* 5 – 7 years. | * Make chirping noise signaling that they are approaching the end of their service life.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #450) Once you have determined there’s a potential life hazard and have removed it – you need to take steps to locate the source of the CO. Ask occupants (2):

* What fuel appliances were in use before & during the time the detector was activated. * Whether they ventilated any areas.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #451) (CFPC) – Start your meter reading (where) and proceed to ___:

* At the front door. * Proceed to location of CO detector. • (With minimum of 2 mask-equipped members, preferably 2 CO meters, & at least 1 portable radio.)

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #452) (CFPC) – Check around each ___ appliance.

Fuel burning Such as stoves, oil burners, water heaters, & chimneys.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #453) If you find a defective or leaking appliance or flue, (actions are):

Shut it down immediately and continue your meter readings. | there could be other sources of CO

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #454) After readings have been completed – you should begin:

Venting the area

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #455) After readings have been completed – you should begin venting the area. Inform the owner (preferably in writing, w/ your unit keeping 1 copy) of:

* The location & description of the source of CO, | * Need to keep it shut down until it has been repaired.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #456) After CO readings have dropped to acceptable levels; the bldg may be turned back over to the occupants. Acceptable levels for residential & commercial occupancies are:

* 9 ppm → Residences. | * 35 ppm → Commercial occupancies where no one sleeps.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #457) Wood-burning stoves involved in ___ fires are also possible sources of fire extension:

Creosote

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #458) A severe creosote fire rapidly reaches blowtorch proportions and can damage a chimney to the point of allowing fire to the outside. (Actions are):

* Shut off air intake to the stove & | * Check for extension along the length of the chimney.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #459) Creosote fire – If air intake cannot be shut off, or if a severe fire exists in the chimney – FD will have to extinguish to prevent from extension to combustible surroundings. Commercially available ___ can be placed in the fire box and ignited, suffocating the chimney:

* Chimney fire extinguishers. * ABC-type dry chemical extinguishers can be used through firebox opening, directed up the chimney – but can create excessive mess in area.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #460) Alternate to extinguish creosote fire – if the top of the chimney is accessible:

* Drop plastic sandwich bags full of ABC dry-chemical powder into top of chimney. * As the bag falls – plastic melts, releases powder – extinguishing fire.

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #461) At times, a special low-volume, water mist-producing chimney nozzle may be required. Avoid introducing streams from a ___ nozzle into a chimney fire. Why:

* Standard nozzle. * The large drop in temperature produced by standard nozzles will crack the red-hot chimney flue – next time flue is used, fire will have easy path out of chimney.

Ch.1 9: Fire Related Emergencies Flashcards

(459 cards)