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Intro > Ch. 15 Displays and Image Processing > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Displays and Image Processing Flashcards

1
Q

bistable display

A

bi = two

black and white image

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2
Q

grayscale display

A

multiple levels of brightness such as white, light gray, medium gray etc.

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3
Q

__________________ determines the range of brilliancies within the displayed image. Bistable images, in which are only black and white appear, are high ____________________

A

Contrast determines the range of brilliancies within the displayed image. Bistable images, in which are only black and white, are high contrast.

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4
Q

________________________ determines the brilliance of the displayed image

A

Brightness determines the brilliance of the displayed image

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5
Q

_____________________________ which stores information first and later displays it; changes the format of the data (converts from spoke format to video format)

A

Scan Converter which stores information first and later displays it; changes the format of the data (converts from spoke format to video format)

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6
Q

storage of the image information in the scan converter is called ______________

A

storage of the image information in the scan converter is called writing

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7
Q

Later, image data is _________________ from the scan converter for display on the monitor

A

Later, image data is Read from the scan converter for display on the monitor

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8
Q

__________________ numbers are “real world” numbers that are found in our everyday lives.

A

Analog numbers are “real world” numbers that are found in our everyday lives.

Example: your weight on a scale or the length of a string

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9
Q

____________________ numbers are associated with computer devices.

A

Digital numbers are associated with computer devices

limited choices, discrete values

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10
Q

What was the first type of scan converter?

A

analog scan converter and made gray scale imaging possible

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11
Q

How do Analong Scan converters work?

A

an electron gun shot out electrons which contained the image information. These electrons strike the dielectric matrix/silicon wafer where they are stored. The stored electron charges are read to retrieve image information

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12
Q

What is the major benefit of an analog scan converter?

A

the spatial resolution is excellent

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13
Q

Spatial resolution is “___________________”

A

Spatial resolution is “image detail”

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14
Q

What are the 4 limitations of Analog Scan converters:

A
  1. image fade - stored charges on the silicon wafer dissipate over time
  2. image flicker - caused by switching between read and write modes.
  3. instability - picture quality depends on many factors including length of use, room temperature, and humidity
  4. Deteriotation - image degrades as the device ages
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15
Q

Digital scan converters use computer technology to convert images into numbers, a process called ________________________

A

Digital scan converters use computer technology to convert images into numbers, a process called digitizing

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16
Q

Advantages of digital scan converters:

A
  • Uniformity: consistent gray scale quality throughout the image
  • Stability: does not fade or drift
  • Durability: not affected by age or heavy use
  • Speed: nearly instant processing
  • Accuracy: error-free
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17
Q

what are the two important elements of digital scan converters:

A
  1. pixel
  2. bit
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18
Q

__________________ is the smallest building block of a digital picture

A

Pixel is the smallest building block of a digital picture

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19
Q

_______________________________ is the number of picture elements per inch

A

Pixel Density is the number of picture elements per inch

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20
Q

Spatial resolution and pixel density are ______________________ (unrelated, related, directly related)

A

Spatial resolution and Pixel density are Directly related (which in higher pixel density = better spatial resolution)

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21
Q

low pixel density: ____ pixels per inch, ____ pixels, _____ detailed image, ____ spatial resolution

A

low pixel density:

  • few pixels per inch
  • larger pixels
  • less detailed image
  • lower spatial resolution
22
Q

high pixel density: ____ pixels per inch, ____ pixels, ____ detailed image, ____ spatial resolution

A

high pixel density:

  • many pixels per inch
  • smaller pixels
  • more detailed image
  • higher spatial resolution
23
Q

_______ is a binary digit, the smallest amount of computer memory

A

Bit is a binary digit, the smallest amount of computer memory

24
Q

A ___________________ is a group of bits and simply a series of zeros and ones, such

A

A Binary number is a group of bits and simply a series of zeros and ones, such as 0101010011

25
Q

A ____________ is a group of eight bits of computer memory such as 10011111

A

A Byte is a group of eight bits of computer memory such as 10011111

26
Q

A _______________ of computer memory consists of two bytes, or 16 bits

A

A Word of computer memory consists of two bytes, or 16 bits

26
Q

fewer bits per pixel: _______ shades of gray, _____ contrast resolution

A

fewer bits per pixel: fewer shades of gray, degraded contrast resolution

27
Q

More bits per pixel: ___________ shades of gray, ______________ contrast resolution

A

more bits per pixel: more shades of gray, improved contrast resolution

28
Q

Formula that determines the number of different shades of gray:

A

2^# of bits

29
Q

5 bits, number of shades =

A

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 shades of gray

30
Q

why do we convert analog to digital data?

A

digital information is far less susceptible to contamination (the info is converted back to analog before being displayed)

31
Q

What is the 5 step process for converting analog info into digital info and then back again?

A
  1. the analog-digital-converter changes the electric signals created during reception from analog to digital format
  2. digital info is stored on the computer memory, any processing of reflected signals before storage is preprocessing
  3. digital info continues to be processed in the digital scan converter, any processing after storage is called postprocessing
  4. A digital-analog-converter changes the digital signals back to analog information to be displayed on the monitor
  5. the analog info is presented on the video display for interpretation
32
Q

___________________________ is the manipulation of image data before storage in the scan converter

A

Preprocessing is the manipulation of image data before storage in the scan converter

33
Q

____________________________ is the manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter

A

Postprocessing is the manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter

34
Q

Time gain compensation, log compression, write magnification, persistence, spatial compounding, edge enhancement, fill-in interpolation are all apart of ________________________________

A

Time gain compensation, log compression, write magnification, persistence, spatial compounding, edge enhancement, fill-in interpolation are all apart of Preprocessing

35
Q

Any change after freeze frame, black/white inversion, read magnification, contrast variation, 3-D rendering are all apart of ___________________________________

A

Any change after freeze frame, black/white inversion, read magnification, contrast variation, 3-D rendering are all apart of Postprocessing

36
Q

what are two forms of magnification?

A

read magnification, and write magnification

37
Q

____________ magnification occurs after the image data is stored in the scan converter

A

Read magnification occurs after the image data is stored in the scan converter

38
Q

____________ magnfication is applied during data acquisition, before storage in the scan converter

A

Write magnification is applied during data aquisition, before storage in the scan converter

39
Q

__________________________________ is a sophisticated method of improving image quality, that makes the strongest pulse possible within FDA limits, provides higher signal-to-noise ratio, improved axial, spatial and contrast resolution, deeper penetration

A

Coded Excitation is a sophisticzted method of improving image quality, that makes the strongest pulse possible within FDA limits, provides higher signal-to-noise ratio, improved axial, spatial and contrast resolution, deeper penetration

40
Q

coded excitation occurs in the _________________________

A

coded excitation occurs in the pulser

41
Q

higher signal-to-noise ratio, improved axial resolution, improved spatial resolution, improved contrast resolution, and deeper penetration is provided by _____________________________________

A

higher signal-to-noise ratio, improved axial resolution, improved spatial resolution, improved contrast resolution, and deeper penetration is provided by coded excitation

42
Q

__________________________________________ is a method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce a single image. Reduces speckle and minimizes shadowing artifacts.
(is available only with phased array transducers)

A

Spatial Compounding is a method of using sonographic information from several different imaging angles to produce a single image.

  • is available only with phased array transducers
43
Q

In general, the more _____________ in the compound acquisition sequence, the better the compound image quality.

A

In general, the more frames in the compound aquisition sequence, the better the compound image quality

44
Q

what are the limitations of spatial compounding?

A

reduced frame rates and reduced temporal resolution

45
Q

_______________________________ is an advanced technique that reduces speckle artifact and noise in ultrasound images. the reflected signal is divided into sub-bands of limited frequencies, and an image is created from each sub-band. The images from the sub-bands are then combined, or compounded into a single image.

A

Frequency Compounding is an advanced technique that reduces speckle artifact and noise in ultrasound images. the reflected signal is divided into sub-bands of limited frequencies, and an image is created from each sub-band. The image from the sub-bands are then combined, or compounded into a single image.

46
Q

how does frequency compounding affect the image?

A

reduces speckle artifact and noise

47
Q

_______________ enhancement is an image processing method that makes pictures look sharper by increasing the image contrast in the area immediately around the edge (creates subtle bright and dark highlights on either side of these boundries to make them appear more defined)

A

Edge Enhancement is an image processing method that makes pictures look sharper by increasing the image contrast in the area immediately around the edge - by creating subtle bright and dark highlights on either side of these boundries to make them appear more defined

48
Q

_______________________________, persistence, or temporal averaging, is an image processing technique that continues to display information from older images.

A

Temporal Compounding, persistence or temporal averaging, is an image processing technique that continues to display information from older images.

49
Q

what are the consequences of temporal compounding?

A

reduced frame rate and temporal resolution

50
Q

What does PACS stand for?
What is it?

A

Picture Archiving & Communications System

BMI platform configured to facilitate storing, retrieving and distributing medical images

51
Q

What does DICOM stand for and what does it do?

A

DICOM stands for Digital Imaging and Computers in Medicine

DICOM is a set of rules, or protocols, that allows imaging systems to share information on a network.

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