ch. 17 (blood) Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is blood referred to as?
A
The ‘River of Life’
2
Q
What is the vital force carried by blood?
A
Life-sustaining fluid
3
Q
What was a common practice involving blood in early medicine?
A
Draining ‘bad blood’ from people
4
Q
What did people historically believe about hereditary traits and blood?
A
‘I got farming in my blood’ - traits transmitted through blood
5
Q
What is the internal transport system of the body?
A
Blood
6
Q
What is the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system?
A
Blood
7
Q
Name the parts of blood circulation.
A
Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, IVC and SVC
8
Q
What are the three main functions of blood?
A
Transportation, regulation, protection
9
Q
What does blood transport to body cells?
A
Oxygen (O₂) and nutrients
10
Q
What waste products does blood transport for elimination?
A
Nitrogenous waste, CO₂
11
Q
How does blood help in hormonal transportation?
A
Transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
12
Q
How does blood regulate body temperature?
A
By absorbing and distributing heat
13
Q
What pH range does blood maintain?
A
7.35-7.45
14
Q
What role do plasma proteins play in blood regulation?
A
Create osmotic pressure to prevent fluid loss from vessels
15
Q
How does blood prevent infection?
A
By carrying WBCs, antibodies, and complement proteins
16
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
Plasma and formed elements
17
Q
What type of tissue is blood?
A
Connective tissue
18
Q
What are the formed elements in blood?
A
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
19
Q
What is the fluid matrix in blood called?
A
Plasma
20
Q
What percentage of whole blood is made up of erythrocytes?
A
~45%
21
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
The percent of blood volume that is RBCs
22
Q
What is the normal hematocrit value for males?
A
~47%
23
Q
What is the normal hematocrit value for females?
A
~42%
24
Q
What condition results from too few RBCs?
A
Anemia
25
What condition results from too many RBCs?
Polycythemia
26
What percentage of blood is plasma?
~55%
27
What is the color of blood with high O₂ levels?
Scarlet red
28
What is the color of blood with low O₂ levels?
Dark red
29
What is the pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
30
What is the volume of blood in males?
5-6 liters
31
What is the volume of blood in females?
4-5 liters
32
What percentage of plasma is water?
92%
33
What are plasma proteins primarily responsible for?
Osmotic pressure and transport of substances
34
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
35
Where are most plasma proteins produced?
Liver
36
What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin account for?
60%
37
What contributes to the osmotic pressure in blood?
Albumins, electrolytes, RBCs
38
What are the only complete cells in blood?
White blood cells (WBCs)
39
Do RBCs and platelets have nuclei?
No
40
Where do all formed elements in blood originate?
Red bone marrow
41
How does the biconcave shape of RBCs help?
It offers a large surface area for gas exchange
42
What is hemoglobin?
A protein in RBCs that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide
43
How many O₂ molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?
Four
44
What happens when O₂ binds to hemoglobin?
It forms oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
45
What happens during O₂ unloading in tissues?
Deoxyhemoglobin (dark red) is formed
46
Where does CO₂ bind in hemoglobin?
To the globin chains
47
What is hematopoiesis?
The formation of all blood cells
48
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
49
What are hemocytoblasts?
Stem cells that give rise to all formed elements
50
What hormone regulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
51
What is erythropoiesis?
Formation of RBCs
52
What is the lifespan of RBCs?
100-120 days
53
What is anemia?
A condition where the blood's O₂-carrying capacity is too low
54
What is sickle-cell anemia?
A genetic disorder where RBCs are crescent-shaped due to mutated hemoglobin
55
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in WBC count in response to infection
56
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
57
What mnemonic helps remember leukocytes in order of abundance?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)
58
What are neutrophils known for?
Being 'bacteria slayers'
59
What do eosinophils do?
Attack parasitic worms and play a role in allergies and asthma
60
What do basophils secrete?
Histamine and heparin
61
What are lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
62
What do B cells give rise to?
Plasma cells that produce antibodies
63
What do T cells target?
Virus-infected and cancerous cells
64
What is leukopoiesis?
The production of WBCs
65
What stimulates leukopoiesis?
Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
66
What are platelets?
Cell fragments essential for blood clotting
67
What hormone regulates platelet production?
Thrombopoietin
68
What is hemostasis?
The process of stopping bleeding
69
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
70
What is coagulation?
Blood clotting, where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
71
What is a thrombus?
A clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
72
What is an embolus?
A thrombus that breaks away and moves freely in the bloodstream
73
What is an embolism?
An embolus that becomes lodged in a narrow blood vessel
74
What are some anticoagulant drugs?
Aspirin, heparin, warfarin
75
What is thrombocytopenia?
A condition with a low number of circulating platelets
76
What are some blood transfusion options for restoring blood volume?
Normal saline solution, Ringer's solution
77
What are the main human blood groups?
ABO and Rh
78
What is type A blood?
Has antigen A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
79
What is type B blood?
Has antigen B and anti-A antibodies in plasma
80
What is type AB blood?
Has both antigen A and B, no antibodies in plasma
81
What is type O blood?
Has no antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
82
What is Rh factor?
An antigen, with Rh+ indicating its presence
83
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Occurs when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus, leading to antibody attack on fetal RBCs
84
What is a transfusion reaction?
Occurs when mismatched blood is transfused, causing agglutination of donor RBCs
85
What is erythropoiesis regulated by?
Hormones and growth factors
86
What is the main dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?
Iron
87
What condition results from insufficient hemoglobin per RBC?
Iron-deficiency anemia
88
What is pernicious anemia?
Lack of intrinsic factor leading to B₁₂ deficiency
89
What is hemolytic anemia?
RBCs are destroyed faster than they are produced
90
What is polycythemia?
An excess of RBCs causing increased blood viscosity
91
What are granulocytes?
White blood cells with visible granules
92
What are agranulocytes?
White blood cells without visible granules
93
What is the function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of bacteria
94
What is respiratory burst?
A process by neutrophils that produces germ-killing substances
95
Where are eosinophils mainly located?
In the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts
96
What do eosinophils release to combat parasitic worms?
Hydrolytic enzymes
97
What does histamine do?
Causes vasodilation and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
98
What are mast cells?
Cells that secrete histamine and heparin, similar to basophils
99
Where are lymphocytes mainly found?
Lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes and spleen
100
What are monocytes called when they enter tissues?
Macrophages
101
What do macrophages do?
Phagocytize pathogens and dead cells
102
What are antigen-presenting cells?
Cells that present antigens to T cells, like macrophages
103
What is the lifespan of WBCs?
Typically a few days due to fighting infections
104
What is thrombopoiesis?
The production of platelets
105
How long do platelets last in the bloodstream?
About 10 days
106
What is platelet plug formation?
The aggregation of platelets to seal small blood vessel tears
107
What is fibrinolysis?
The process of removing a clot after a blood vessel has healed
108
What is plasmin?
An enzyme that digests fibrin and breaks down clots
109
What are anticoagulants?
Substances that prevent blood clotting
110
What role does heparin play in blood?
It enhances the activity of antithrombin III to inhibit clotting
111
What is a pulmonary embolism?
An embolus that blocks blood flow in the lungs
112
What is warfarin used for?
To interfere with vitamin K and prevent clot formation
113
What is hemophilia?
A hereditary disorder where blood cannot clot properly
114
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A condition involving widespread clotting and bleeding
115
What is the purpose of blood transfusions?
To restore oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
116
What are packed red blood cells (PRBCs)?
A blood product used in transfusions to restore oxygen capacity
117
What determines ABO blood groups?
The presence or absence of antigens A and B on RBCs
118
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB
119
Which blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
120
What is Rh incompatibility?
A condition where Rh- individuals produce anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh+ blood
121
What is RhoGAM?
A treatment given to Rh- mothers to prevent the formation of anti-Rh antibodies
122
What are the main components of plasma?
Water, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, waste products
123
What role does calcium play in blood clotting?
It acts as a cofactor in the coagulation process
124
What is serum?
Plasma without the clotting proteins
125
What is the role of vitamin K in coagulation?
It is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors
126
What is the 'intrinsic pathway' of coagulation?
A clotting mechanism initiated by factors within the blood
127
What is the 'extrinsic pathway' of coagulation?
A clotting mechanism triggered by external trauma to blood vessels
128
What is prothrombin activator?
An enzyme complex that converts prothrombin to thrombin
129
What does thrombin do?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
130
What is clot retraction?
The contraction of platelets to pull a wound together
131
What happens during hypoxia?
Tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen
132
What triggers the release of erythropoietin?
Low oxygen levels in the kidneys
133
What is hemoglobin made of?
Heme (iron-containing pigment) and globin (protein)
134
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen
135
What happens in the spleen during erythrocyte destruction?
Old RBCs are broken down by macrophages
136
What is bilirubin?
A yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of heme
137
Where is bilirubin processed?
In the liver, where it becomes part of bile
138
What is the main function of leukocytes?
To defend the body against infection and disease
139
What happens during positive chemotaxis?
WBCs follow chemical signals to sites of infection or injury
140
What are megakaryocytes?
Large bone marrow cells that produce platelets
141
How do platelets remain inactive?
By the secretion of nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells
142
What does thromboxane A₂ do?
Promotes platelet aggregation during clot formation
143
What is hemolysis?
The rupture or destruction of red blood cells
144
What is the lifespan of platelets?
10 days in the bloodstream
145
What happens in vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and limit bleeding
146
What is petechiae?
Small red or purple spots caused by bleeding into the skin
147
What is the most abundant electrolyte in plasma?
Sodium (Na⁺)
148
What is the role of plasma proteins?
To maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances
149
What is globulin?
A plasma protein involved in immune responses and transport
150
What are the key nutrients in plasma?
Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
151
What are the waste products in plasma?
Carbon dioxide, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin
152
What are colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?
Proteins that stimulate the production of white blood cells
153
What is the function of fibrin?
To form a mesh that traps blood cells during clot formation
154
What is the role of interleukins?
To regulate the immune response and stimulate white blood cell production
