ch 18. (cardiovascular s.)

Question 1

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 1

Heart → Lungs → Heart, responsible for gas exchange in the lungs

Question 2

What is the systemic circuit?

Answer 2

Heart → Body Systems → Heart, distributes oxygenated blood to the body

Question 3

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 3

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Question 4

What is the function of veins?

Answer 4

Veins carry blood to the heart

Question 5

What is oxygenated blood?

Answer 5

Blood with high O₂ content and low CO₂ content

Question 6

What is deoxygenated blood?

Answer 6

Blood with low O₂ content and high CO₂ content

Question 7

What is the function of the pericardium?

Answer 7

Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling with blood

Question 8

What is the myocardium?

Answer 8

Middle layer of the heart, responsible for contraction

Question 9

What is the endocardium?

Answer 9

Inner layer of the heart

Question 10

What is the function of heart valves?

Answer 10

Ensure blood flows in one direction and prevent backflow

Question 11

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 11

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Question 12

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 12

CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)

Question 13

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 13

The pacemaker of the heart

Question 14

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Answer 14

Delays impulses

Question 15

What are Purkinje fibers?

Answer 15

conduct contraction impulse

Question 16

What are the two main types of heart circulation?

Answer 16

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 17

What is preload?

Answer 17

degree of elasticity of cardiac muscle cells b4 contraction

Question 18

What is afterload?

Answer 18

The pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

Question 19

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Answer 19

Increased preload leads to increased stroke volume

Question 20

What are positive inotropic agents?

Answer 20

Substances that increase heart contractility (e.g., epinephrine, calcium)

Question 21

What are negative inotropic agents?

Answer 21

Substances that decrease heart contractility (e.g., acidosis, calcium channel blockers)

Question 22

What are positive chronotropic factors?

Answer 22

Factors that increase heart rate (e.g., sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine)

Question 23

What are negative chronotropic factors?

Answer 23

Factors that decrease heart rate (e.g., parasympathetic stimulation, acetylcholine)

Question 24

What is the intrinsic conduction system?

Answer 24

sets the heart’s basic rhythm

Question 25

What is the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Answer 25

Represents atrial depolarization and contraction

Question 26

What is the QRS complex in an ECG?

Answer 26

Represents ventricular depolarization and contraction

Question 27

What is the T wave in an ECG?

Answer 27

Represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation

Question 28

What is stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 28

The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle with each contraction

Question 29

What is an incompetent valve?

Answer 29

A valve that does not close properly, causing backflow of blood

Question 30

What is the role of the cardioacceleratory center?

Answer 30

Increases heart rate and force of contraction

Question 31

What is the role of the cardioinhibitory center?

Answer 31

Decreases heart rate

Question 32

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

Answer 32

records electrical activity of heart

Question 33

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

Answer 33

Systole is the contraction phase; diastole is the relaxation phase

Question 34

What happens during atrial systole?

Answer 34

The atria contract and push blood into the ventricles

Question 35

What happens during ventricular diastole?

Answer 35

The ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria

Question 36

What is myocardial infarction?

Answer 36

A heart attack

Question 37

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 37

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

Question 38

What is fibrillation?

Answer 38

A rapid, irregular heart rhythm

Question 39

What is defibrillation?

Answer 39

The use of electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm

Question 40

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 40

An abnormal bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

Question 41

What is the role of venous valves?

Answer 41

Prevents backflow of blood

Question 42

What is the function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Answer 42

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 43

What are platelets?

Answer 43

Small cell fragments in the blood that help with clotting

Question 44

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Answer 44

Arteries ; away from the heart, and veins ; to the heart

Question 45

What is peripheral resistance?

Answer 45

The resistance of blood vessels to blood flow

Question 46

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 46

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction

Question 47

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 47

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats

Question 48

What is hypertension?

Answer 48

High blood pressure

Question 49

What is hypotension?

Answer 49

Low blood pressure

Question 50

What is blood volume?

Answer 50

amount of blood in the circulatory system

Question 51

What is the role of baroreceptors?

Answer 51

Detect changes of BP & send signals

Question 52

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Answer 52

regulates blood pressure & fluid balance

Question 53

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 53

arteries become narrowed due to the buildup of fatty deposits or plaques

Question 54

What is edema?

Answer 54

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues

Question 55

What is ischemia?

Answer 55

Reduced blood flow to a tissue

Question 56

What is heart block?

Answer 56

electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are partially or fully blocked