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Med Term > Ch. 17-Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 17-Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

abort/o

A

to miscarry

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2
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix, neck

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3
Q

colt/o

A

a coming together

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4
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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5
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

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6
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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7
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue

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8
Q

gynec/o

A

female

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9
Q

hyster/o

A

womb, uterus

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10
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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11
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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12
Q

men/o

A

month, menses, menstruation

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13
Q

metr/o

A

womb, uterus

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14
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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15
Q

o/o

A

ovum, egg

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16
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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17
Q

pareun/o

A

lying beside, sexual intercourse

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18
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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19
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tube

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20
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

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21
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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22
Q

venere/o

A

sexual intercourse

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23
Q

vers/o

A

turning

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24
Q

cesarean section

A

delivery of fetus by means of an incision through the abdominal cavity and then into the uterus. fetal distress=most common cause for emergency c-section

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25
Q

culdocentesis

A

surgical puncture of the cul-de-sac for removal of fluid
culd/o cul-de-sac
-centesis surgical puncture

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26
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

difficult or painful monthly flow (menstruation)
dys- difficult, painful
men/o month, menses, menstruation
-rrhea flow

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27
Q

eclampsia

A

complication of severe preeclampsia that involves seizures, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension
ec- out
lamp(s) to shine
-ia condition

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28
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs when fertilized egg implants in various sites, most commonly the fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy
life threatening to mother and almost always fatal for fetus

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29
Q

endometriosis

A

pathological condition where endometrial tissue has been displaced in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, causes bleeding for nation of scars and adhesions which causes daily or monthly cyclic pain
endo- within
metr/i uterus
-osis condition

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30
Q

fibroma

A

fibrous tissue tumor, aka fibroid tumor, most common benign tumor in women
fibr/o fibrous tissue
-oma tumor

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31
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical excision of the uterus
hyster/o womb, uterus
-ectomy surgical excision

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32
Q

hysterotomy

A

incision into the uterus, commonly combined with laparotomy during a c-section
hyster/o womb, uterus
-tomy incision

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33
Q

intrauterine

A

pertaining to within the uterus
intra- within
uter/o uterus
-ine pertaining to

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34
Q

lumpectomy

A

surgical removal of a tumor from the breast, removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue but no lymph nodes
lump/o lump
-ectomy surgical excision

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35
Q

mammoplasty

A

surgical repair of the breast
mamm/o breast
-plasty surgical repair

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36
Q

mastectomy

A

surgical excision of the breast, modified radical or radical.
modified radical- all of breast tissue and underarm lymph nodes are removed
radical- breast tissue, lymph nodes, and chest muscles removed
mast/o breast
-ectomy surgical excision

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37
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

infection of the upper genital area; can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
most common and serious complication of STIs and can lead to infertility and pelvic pain

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38
Q

placenta previa

A

placenta is improperly implanted in lower uterus, fetus receives less oxygen and the mother has increased risk of hemorrhage
I. Low-lying placenta-implanted in lower segment but does not reach internal os (opening of uterus)
II. Marginal placenta previa- edge of placenta is at the margin of internal os
III. Partial placenta previa- placenta partially covers internal os
IV. Total placenta previa- placenta completely covers internal os

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39
Q

preeclampsia

A 
serious complication of pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria (abnormal concentration of urinary protein), and edema, aka toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension
pre-        before
ec-         out
lamp(s)  to shine
-ia          condition
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40
Q

salpingectomy

A

surgical excision of a fallopian tube
salping/o fallopian tube
-ectomy surgical excision

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41
Q

Female reproductive system consists of:

A

two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts

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42
Q

Vital function of female reproductive system:

A

perpetuate species through sexual or germ cell reproduction

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43
Q

uterus

A

provides place for nourishment and development of fetus during pregnancy; contracts rhythmically and powerfully to help birth fetus. muscular, hollow, pear shaped organ

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44
Q

fallopian tubes

A

ducts to convey ovum from ovary to uterus and to convey spermatozoa from uterus to each ovary
aka uterine tubes or oviducts

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45
Q

ovaries

A

produce ova and hormones

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46
Q

vagina

A

female organ of copulation, serves as passage for menstruation and passage for fetus birth

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47
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia, has 5 parts: mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, vestibule, and clitoris

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48
Q

mons pubis

A

pad of fatty tissue above pubis symphisis

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49
Q

labia majora

A

two folds of adipose tissue on either side of vagina

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50
Q

labia minora

A

two smaller folds within labia majora that enclose the vestibule

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51
Q

vestibule

A

serves as entrance to urethra, vagina, and two excretory ducts of Bartholin glands on either side of vaginal opening that secrete mucus

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52
Q

clitoris

A

erectile tissue homologous to penis, produces pleasurable sensations

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53
Q

breasts

A

following childbirth, mammary glands produce milk

have 15-20 glandular tissue lobes

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54
Q

anteflexion

A

normal uterus position, cervix points toward lower and of sacrum

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55
Q

uterine body

A

corpus, larger upper portion of uterus

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56
Q

fundus

A

rounded portion of the uterine body above fallopian tube openings

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57
Q

isthmus

A

constricted central area where body of uterus ends

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58
Q

cervix

A

lowermost cylindrical portion of uterus that extends from isthmus to vagina

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59
Q

Three layers of uterine wall

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium (outer to inner)

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60
Q

Three abnormal positions of the uterus

A

retroversion, retroflexion, anteversion

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61
Q

retroversion

A

backward tilting

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62
Q

retroflexion

A

backward bending of uterus

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63
Q

anteversion

A

forward tilting

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64
Q

Three layers of fallopian tube wall

A

serosa, muscular, mucosa

65
Q

fertilization

A

23 male chromosomes combine with 23 female chromosomes, occurs within 24 hrs after ovulation in fallopian tube

66
Q

zygote

A

single sperm penetrates ovum and this is the result

67
Q

ovulation

A

ovum leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tube where it can then be fertilized

68
Q

morula

A

mass of cells formed when the zygote begins to divide, right after sex and biological traits are determined

69
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells, developing embryo between week 2 and 8 reaches uterus and forms a structure with a yolk sac and amniotic cavity

70
Q

yolk sac

A

site of formation of first RBCs and cells that will become ovum and sperm

71
Q

When does sex differentiation occur?

A

at 16 weeks, external genitals of fetus are recognizable

72
Q

What ligament attaches ovary to side of pelvis?

A

suspensory ligaments

73
Q

Two distinct areas of the ovary

A

cortex and medulla

74
Q

What gland controls function of ovaries?

A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

75
Q

Pituitary gland releases which two hormones?

A 
follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH): development of ovarian follicles
luteinizing hormone(LH): stimulates development of corpus luteum (small yellow mass of cells that develops in ruptured ovarian follicle)
76
Q

Two major functions of ovaries

A

production of ova, and production of hormones

77
Q

production of ova in ovaries

A

graafian follicle ruptures on ovarian cortex, ovum discharges into pelvic cavity and enters fallopian tube. 400+ ova may be produced during reproductive years

78
Q

production of hormones in ovaries

A

produces estrogen (female sex hormone secreted by ovarian follicles) and progesterone (steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum, important in maintaining pregnancy)

79
Q

estrogen and progesterone are essential in:

A

growth and development, maintaining secondary sex organs, preparing uterus, developing mammary glands

80
Q

hymen

A

fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the external opening of the vagina

81
Q

perineum

A

between the vulva and the anus, may be cut (episiotomy) during childbirth to prevent tearing and help in delivery

82
Q

areola

A

dark pigmented area around the nipple, changes to dark brown or reddish during pregnancy

83
Q

lactiferous glands

A

20-24 glands in areola that convey milk to suckling infant after pregnancy

84
Q

prolactin

A

hormone that stimulates mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth, insulin and glucocorticoids also help

85
Q

colostrum

A

first milk, usually thin and yellowish and consist mainly of serum and WBC

86
Q

oxytocin

A

responds to stimulation of suckling and stimulates release of milk and uterus to contract back to normal

87
Q

breastfeeding

A

providing milk to a baby from mothers breast; it’s sterile, easily digested, nonallergenic, and transmits maternal antibodies

88
Q

exclusive breastfeeding should be done for:

A

1 year, but supports optimal growth and development for first 6 months

89
Q

exclusive breastfeeding provides protection against:

A

diarrhea and respiratory tract infection

90
Q

menstrual cycle

A

periodic recurrent series of changes in the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, and occurs at the age of puberty

91
Q

how often is the menstrual cycle?

A

every 21-40 days

92
Q

three phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase

93
Q

follicular phase

A

menstruation marks first day, characterized by discharge of bloody fluid from uterus and shedding endometrium. lasts from 1-5 days

94
Q

ovulatory phase

A

begins about 5th day and ends at egg release. egg release happens 36 hours after LH surge. egg disintegrates if not fertilized in 12-48 hours, this occurs 14 days before menstruation

95
Q

luteal phase

A

follows ovulation and lasts 14 days. corpus luteum secretes progesterone that causes body temp increase which can be used to estimate if ovulation occurred. corpus luteum disintegrates after 14 days if egg is not fertilized

96
Q

premenstrual or ischemic time period

A

coiled uterine arteries become constricted, endometrium begins to shrink, corpus luteum decreases in activity.
lasts 2 days and ends with menstruation

97
Q

obstetrics

A

branch of medicine that pertains to care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum (puerperium-after birth)

98
Q

normal term of pregnancy

A

40 weeks, 9 1/3 calendar months

99
Q

gestation period

A

three segments of three months each-trimesters

100
Q

3 stages of human development

A

pre embryonic stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage

101
Q

preembryonic stage

A

first 14 days after ovum is fertilized

102
Q

embryonic stage

A

begins in third week after fertilization

103
Q

fetal stage

A

begins in the ninth week

104
Q

5 weeks into pregnancy

A

embryo has c-shaped body and rudimentary tail

105
Q

7 weeks into pregnancy

A

embryo is rounded and nearly erect-eyelids begin forming

106
Q

9 weeks into pregnancy

A

every organ system and external structure is present, embryo is now called a fetus

107
Q

14 weeks into pregnancy

A

blood vessels visible through skin, more muscles and skeleton develop

108
Q

20 weeks into pregnancy

A

skin is less transparent due to subcutaneous deposits of brown fat-fingernails and toenails developed, and hair

109
Q

4 stages of pregnancy

A

prenatal stage, labor, parturition and puerperium

110
Q

prenatal stage

A

time between conception and onset of labor

111
Q

labor

A

forceful contractions move fetus down birth canal and expel it from uterus during childbirth. signs and symptoms can occur from hours to weeks before actual labor

112
Q

parturition

A

act of giving birth

113
Q

puerperium

A

postpartum, expulsion of placenta and 6 weeks following birth where the reproductive organs return to prepregnant condition

114
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

irregular contracts that begin second trimester and intensify as full term approaches

115
Q

increased vaginal discharge

A

normally clear and nonirritating discharge caused by fetal pressure

116
Q

lightening

A

descent of baby into pelvis, can occur 2-3 weeks before first stage of labor

117
Q

bloody show

A

thick mucus mixed with blood caused by cervix dilating and small capillaries being torn

118
Q

weight loss in labor

A

1-3 pounds shortly before labor as hormone changes cause excretion of water

119
Q

true labor

A

rhythmic contractions that develop a regular pattern and are more frequent, more intense, and last longer

120
Q

three stages of labor

A

first stage- begins with onset of true labor and lasts until cervix is fully dilated to 10 cm (stage of dilation)
second stage- after cervix is dilated until delivery of baby (stage of expulsion)
third stage- delivery of placenta

121
Q

placenta

A

anchors fetus to uterus and provides nourishment and oxygen, aka afterbirth when expelled and has a fetal portion and maternal portion. weighs up to 1 pound

122
Q

fetal portion of placenta

A

umbilical vein and arteries intertwine to form umbilical cord

123
Q

maternal portion of placenta

A

red beefy material that forms from the uterus

124
Q

schultze mechanism

A

placenta is expelled with fetal surface first

125
Q

duncan mechanism

A

placenta is expelled with maternal surface first

126
Q

vernix caseosa

A

protective cheesy substance that covers fetus during intrauterine life and is often on the fetus when it is delivered

127
Q

lanugo

A

fine downy hair that covers the baby’s body

128
Q

apgar score

A 
assessment of newborn taken at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. scored on 0-2 scale 
a-appearance (color)
p-pulse 
g-grimace (reflex)
a-activity (muscle tone)
r-respiration
129
Q

amniocentesis

A

surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to get a sample of amniotic fluid for examination. determines chromosomal abnormalities

130
Q

birth control pills

A

contain mixtures of estrogen and progestin that are nearly 100% effective when used correctly. estrogen inhibits ovulation, progestin inhibits pituitary secretion of LH. also causes changes in cervical mucus that makes it unfavorable to penetration

131
Q

birth control patch

A

continuously delivers two synthetic hormones, progestin and estrogen. prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus, 95% effective

132
Q

injectable birth control

A

given four times a year and contains synthetic drug similar to progesterone. stops ovulation and thickens cervical mucus. prevents pregnancy over 99% of the time

133
Q

intrauterine device

A

small device placed within the uterus to prevent pregnancy, usually made of soft, flexible plastic and is 99.2%-99.9% effective (ParaGard and Mirena). ParaGard uses copper around the plastic, and Mirena releases progesterone over time and can be left in for 5 years. don’t protect against STIs

134
Q

female hormones-estrogens

A

can be used for variety of conditions, and palliative therapy for breast cancer, and as hormone therapy to treatment menopause symptoms

135
Q

female hormones-progestins

A

can prevent uterine bleeding and used in cases of infertility and treating miscarriage

136
Q

blood grouping lab test

A

determines blood type

137
Q

breast examination

A

visual inspection and manual examination of breast for changes in contour, symmetry, dimpling, nipple retraction, and presence of lumps

138
Q

chorionic villus samping

A

CVS
determines chromosomal abnormalities and biochemical disorders such as down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, and cystic fibrosis

139
Q

colposcopy

A

visual examination of vagina and cervis

140
Q

complete blood count

A

checks for anemia, infection, or cell abnormalities

141
Q

cordocentesis

A

examines fetal bood to detect abnormalities, aka fetal blood sampling

142
Q

culdoscopy

A

direct visual examination of viscera of female pelvis through a culdoscope to diagnose ectopic pregnancy and check for masses

143
Q

estrogen lab test

A

test on urine or blood serum to determine leven of estrone, estradiol, and estriol

144
Q

group B streptococcus screening

A

screening for vaginal strep B, performed between the 35th-37th week of pregnancy

145
Q

hematocrit

A

checks for anemia during pregnancy

146
Q

hemoglobin

A

checks for anemia during pregnancy

147
Q

hepatitis B screen

A

identify carries of hepatitis

148
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

hCG

determines presence of hCG, which is secreted by the placenta, positive result usually indicates pregnancy

149
Q

human immunodeficiency virus screen

A

HIV

identifies HIV infection

150
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

X-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of radiopaque substance to evaluate size and structure of fallopian tubes

151
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual examination of abdominal cavity via laparoscope

152
Q

mammography

A

specific type of imaging that uses low does X-ray system to examine breast
screening- used to detect breast cancer or other changes
diagnostic- ordered when a screening mammogram shows symptoms

153
Q

maternal blood glucose

A

screen for gestational diabetes

154
Q

nonstress test

A

identifies fetal compromise in conditions with poor placenta function

155
Q

papanicolaou (Pap) smear

A

screening technique to aid in detection of cervical cancer

156
Q

rubella titer

A

determines immunity to rubella (german measles)

157
Q

TORCH panel

A

screen for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex

158
Q

toxoplasmosis screen

A

determines toxoplasmosis infection

159
Q

ultrasound

A

uses during pregnancy include confirming pregnancy, confirming heartbeat, determining sex, and observing movements

Med Term (15 decks)

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