Ch 18 Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

Solid organs

A

Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, Ovaries

Trauma can cause shock and bleeding because these organs are very vascular

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2
Q

Hollow organs

A

Stomach, Gallbladder, Ureter, Small intestine, Large intestine, Fallopian tubes, Urinary bladder, Uterus

Trauma may cause contents of the organ to leak and contaminate the abdominal cavity

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3
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Kidneys, ovaries, pancreas

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the peritoneum

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5
Q

Role of the liver

A

Assists digestion by secreting bile, which aides the digestion of fats; Filters toxic substances produced by digestion, creates glucose stores and produces substances necessary for blood clotting

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6
Q

Role of the gallbladder

A

Reservoir for bile

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7
Q

Role of the small intestine

A

Duodenum - Digestive juices from pancreas and liver mix together
Jejunum - Absorption of digestive products (most surface area and work)
Ileum - Absorbes nutrients not absorbed earlier, bile to be returned to the liver, and vitamin B12

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8
Q

Role of the pancreas

A

Secretes juices containing enzymes that help break down starches (such as amylase), fats and proteins; produces bicarbonate and insulin

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9
Q

Bicarbonate neutralizes ____

A

The acids in the duodenum

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10
Q

Role of the colon/large intestine

A

Food that wasn’t broken down moves to the colon; Movement called peristalsis moves waste matter, water is absorbed and stool is formed, and defecated through the rectum and anus

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11
Q

Role of the spleen

A

Part of the lymphatic system and assists filtration of blood, aids development of red blood cells, serves as a reservoir for blood; Produces antibodies to help fight disease and infection

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12
Q

The urinary system

A

Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys; Often considered hand in hand with the reproductive system since may organs are shared/can directly affect the each other

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13
Q

Role of the kidneys

A

Help with the regulation of acid balance/pH and blood pressure; Rid the body of toxic wastes (through blood and urine), control the body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes; Removal of sodium chloride tied to BP

~20% of output of blood passes through kidneys each minute and large vessels attach them directly to the aorta; Kidney disease is a common cause of hypertension

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14
Q

Role of the ureters

A

Small tubes pass from the renal pelvis of each kidney to drain into urinary bladder with peristalsis

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15
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contraction of smooth muscle

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16
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

PUD; When the protective layers of mucus in the stomach and duodenum erode, allowing acids to eat at the organ itself; affects M and W, and occurs in older population

Most are a result of infection with H. Pylori, or chronic NSAID use (Common in geriatric pop.)

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17
Q

S/S of PUD

A

Burning or gnawing pain in stomach that subsides or diminishes after eating then remerges 2-3h later
Pain presents in upper abdomen, sometimes, below the sternum
Nausea, vomiting, belching, heartburn, hematemesis, melena

18
Q

Gallstones

A

When a stone forms and blocs the outlet from the gallbladder causing pain. If the blockage does not pass on its own, it can lead to severe inflammation called cholecystitis

19
Q

Cholecystitis

A

When the walls of the gallbladder become inflamed; may lead to rupture, causing inflammation to spread and irritate surrounding structures

20
Q

S/S of Gallstones

A

Constant, severe pain in RUQ or midabdominal region and may refer to upper back, shoulder or flank; may constantly increase or come and go
Cholecystitis produces symptoms about 30 min after fatty meals and at night
Nausea, vomiting, indigestion, bloating, gas, belching

21
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation caused by gallstones, alcohol abuse, other diseases

22
Q

S/S of Pancreatitis

A

Severe pain in LUQ or RUQ, may often radiate to back; patients report worse after eating
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, tenderness, tachycardia (if complicated by sepsis or hemorrhage)

23
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of a small recess in the large intestine; Can eventually cause tissue to die or rupture, causing abscess, peritonitis or death

24
Q

S/S of Appendicitis

A

Initial pain may be generalized, full and diffuse; Later localizes to RLQ and can cause referred pain
Nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite for food, fever, chills, rebound tenderness

25
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Bleeding within the GI tract, a symptom of another issue Acute - short term and severe, Chronic - long term and less severe Upper GI bleeding - between the esophagus and upper small intestine, Lower GI bleeding - between small intestine and anus/rectum
26
S/S of Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Upper GI - hematemesis bright red or coffee grounds | Lower GI - Melena
27
Esophagitis
The lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection of from the acids of the stomach - GERD
28
S/S of Esophagitis
Pain on swallowing, feeling like an object is stuck in their throat heartburn, nausea, vomiting , sores in the mouth Worst case - bleeding from small capillaries within the esophageal lining or main blood vessels
29
Esophageal Varices
The amount of pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increases - frequently as a result of liver failure; blood vessels eventually drain into the liver; if damaged liver, blood cannot flow through it easily and backs up causing capillary network of the esophagus to leak; building pressure causes vessels to fail causing massive upper GI bleding
30
S/S of Esophageal Varices
Initial - signs of liver disease (fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, edema of abd., nausea, vomiting), a very gradual process Rupture - Sudden onset discomfort in epigastric region, severe difficulty swallowing, vomiting bright red, hypotension, signs of shock Less dramatic - bleeding, hematemesis, melena
31
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Tear in the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, causing severe bleeding Primary risk factors include alcoholism and eating disorders, more prevalent in older adults, older children; pregnant women at higher risk due to pregnancy-related vomiting
32
S/S of Mallory-Weiss Tear
Vomiting, bleeding ranges from minor to severe; Pts may experience S/S of shock, upper abdominal pain, hematemesis, melena
33
GERD
Gastrointestinal reflux disease; The sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens allowing stomach acid to move into the esophagus -- acid reflux disease
34
Gastroenteritis
Comprises a family of conditions of infection combined with diarrhea, nausea and vomiting; can be caused by viral organisms, noninfectious conditions (reactions to meds, exposure to toxins, chemo)
35
S/S of Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea, frequent or liquidy, may contain blood or pus, be foul smelling Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, anorexia, dehydration
36
Diverticulitis
Decreased fiber intake = hard stool Small outcroppings in the colonic wall bulge and turn into pouches where bacteria can grow and cause inflammation and infections
37
S/S of Diverticulitis
Abdominal pain (usually left-sided), fever, malaise, body aches, chills, nausea, vomiting
38
Hemorrhoids
Swelling and inflammation of the blood vessels surrounding the rectum; can be internal or external
39
S/S of Hemorrhoids
Bright red blood during defecation
40
Cystitis
Bladder inflammation generally caused by a bacterial infection, can be referred to as a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), serious if infection spreads to kidneys
41
Kidneys
When kidneys fail, the ability to secrete waste from the body decreases leading to uremia - when waste, urea, normally excreted in urine remains in the blood
42
Hernia
Protrusion of an organ or tissue through a hole or opening in a body cavity Risk of strangulation - compression by surrounding tissues eventually compromising blood supply