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Psychology > Ch 19- Personality > Flashcards

Ch 19- Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality?

A

The combination of lasting and distinctive behaviours, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterise how we react and adapt to other people and situations. (Plotnik and Kouyoudijan 2008)

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2
Q

Describe personality as a combination

A
  • It is **complex **
  • contains different aspects of behaviours e.g. thoughts, feelings, motives and emotions
  • the interaction of the aspects is considered
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3
Q

Describe the personality as ‘lasting’

A
  • Stable
  • remans the same with slight changes
  • if signficant changes occur it’s due to environment- education and experience
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4
Q

Describe personality as distinct

A
  • Unique to each person are there thoughts, motives, emotions
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5
Q

Describe personality as ‘charcterising how we REACT and ADAPT to other people and situations

A

-Responisble for way we interact with the world

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6
Q

What are the key aspects of intelligence according to it’s defintion?

A
  • Personality is…
  • **Distinctive **
  • Consistent
  • influences our **interaction with the environment **
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7
Q

What is NOT personality?

A

It is NOT mood (can cause mood)

It is NOT behaviour (can cause behaviour)

important to note personality can influence what we do how we feel BUT it is not *it. i.e. feelings/actions *

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8
Q

What are the early theories of personality?

A
  1. WILLIAM SHELDON’S (1940) Somatypes
  2. HIPPOCRATE’S (400 bce) & GALEN (140 ce) Humours
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9
Q

What did Sheldon’es theory of Perosnality influences by somatypes conclude?

A

Body shapes correspond to particular personality types

known as:

ectomorph (skinny)

Mesomorph (muscular, wellbuilt)

endomorph (plump)

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10
Q

Explain an ectomorph’s build and charcteristics

A

Build:

Tall, skinny, thin

Charcteristics:

changeable

predicatble but also variable

enthusiastic

imaginative

impulsive

quick to grasp ideas

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11
Q

Explain a Mesomorph’s build and charcterasitics:

A

Build:

Muscular, well built bodyshape

Charcteristic:

predictable

articulate

intelligent

critical

passionate with a short explosive temper

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12
Q

Explain the endomorph’s build and the characteristics:

A

Build:

Plump, rounded body

Charectristics:

Cheerful

Slow to anger

Tendency to procastinate and be stubborn

lazy

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13
Q

What is the problem with Sheldon and his theory on correlations?

A
    • People’s shape change over time
    • Different environments may influence body shape with no affect on personality
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14
Q

Can Sheldon’s theort of personality influenced by somatypes generalised to all people?

A

**NO **

Why?

  • Different cultues classify different personality types
  • People can chnfe personality without body change
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15
Q

Explain the three part method behind Sheldon’s Somatype theory?

A
  • _FIRST STAGE: Idendifying body shape _
  • 4000 1st/2nd year male college students
  • photographed them from behind
  • rated their bodies based on series of measurements
  • SECOND STAGE: Identifying Personality type
  • Surveyed participants
  • Rated personalities based on 50 characteristics
  • _THRID STAGE: Results _
  • found strong correlations between body shape and personality characteristics
  • Generalisation that bodytype abd personality is strongly correlated
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16
Q

True or False: Idendical twins differ in their personalities

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What does personality determine?

A
  • It is a determinant
  • Responsible for how we:
  • _react _
  • interat
  • act

PERSONALITY IS NOT INTELLIGENCE

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18
Q

Who classified the humour theory and how many types are there?

A
  • Hippocrates (400 BCE)
  • Galen (140 CE)
  • Four types of humours
  1. *Sanguis *
  2. Pituita
  3. *Melancholia *
  4. *Chlorea *
19
Q

What are humours?

A

Liquids produced by different organs in the body that indicate the type of personality one had based on how much of a certain humour the person excreeted.

20
Q

What are the four personality types are based on the types of humours?

A
  1. Melancholy (depressed sad) black bile from spleen
  2. Sanguine (optimistic) red blood produced by the liver
  3. Chloreic (easily angered) yellow bile produced by the gall bladder.
  4. Phlemagtic (calm/unemotional) green phlegm produced bt the lungs and brain
21
Q

What did the early theorist of personality believe it was formed by NATURE or NURTURE?

A
  • NATURE: genetic makeup
  • BUT the 21st centruy give more consideration to the environment’s influence NURTURE.
22
Q

Who studied personality change in the lifespan in 2003?

A
  • Capsi and colleagues (2003)
  • observed three year old childen
  • noted their behaviour
  • observed until they were 26 years old
  • (20 year observation)
23
Q

What did Capsi and colleagues find in the 20 year observaton of the childrens personaliy change?

A
  • There was certain triats that dominated the personality of the individual

these were being…

  • sensitive - nervous, withdrawn adults
  • restless and impulsive - outsiders
  • Confident - freindly, eager children confident adults ‘take charge types’
24
Q

What did early theories believe in?

A

NATURE (Genetics) We are born with a certain personality that stays with us for life

whereas they now 20-21st cent. believe it may be more NURTURE (Environment.) has a major influence

25
Q

Robert and Delvecchio (2000) investigated what?

A

The extent to which personality remains stable with age

26
Q

What would happen if persoanlity was purely genetically composed?

A

it will remain consistent throughout life

CORRELATION WITHIN 7 YR INTERVAL WILL BE HIGH

27
Q

AWhat would happen if personaliy was purely environmentally composed?

A

Personaloty will change significantly as life experience would occur

CORRELATIONS WOULD BE LOW

28
Q

What would Roberts and Delvecchio seven year interval assesment of personality find?

A

AGE OF INITIAL ASSESMENT - *Correlation over seven year interval *

*CHILDHOOD - 0.34 (low) *

COLLEGE AGE (ABOUT 18) - *0.54 (Moderate) *

30 YEARS - *0.64 (moderate to strong) *

60 YEARS - *0.74 (Strong) *

29
Q

How can you test the nature/nurture question?

A

TWIN STUDIES - Comparing idendical twins (100% genetic match) and fraternal twins (wirh a 50% genertic match)

30
Q

What would be the predicted outcomes of twin studies with IDENTICAL TWINS reared TOGETHER?

A

Nature (controlling force) - v. STRONG corelation

Nurture (controlling force) - v. STRONG correlation

31
Q

What would be the predicted outcomes of twin studies with IDENTICAL TWINS reared APART?

A

Nature (controlling force) - v. STRONG correlation

Nurture (controlling force) - v. LOW correlation

32
Q

What would be the predicted outcomes of twin studies with FRATERNAL TWINS reared TOGETHER?

A

Nature (controlling force) - MODERATE correlation

Nurture (controlling force) - STRONG correlation

33
Q

What would be the predicted outcomes of twin studies with FRATERNAL TWINS reared APART?

A

Nature (controlling force) MODERATE correlation

Nurute (controlling force) VERY LOW CORRELATION

34
Q

What did Tellegen and colleagues test in their 1988 major study on 400 pairs of twins?

A

Studied for three different personality types

  1. POSITIVE EMOTIONALITY) Feeling of well-being, sociable)
  2. NEGATIVE EMOTIONALITY (anxious, angry_
  3. CONSTRAINT (Cautious, inhibitied)
35
Q

What were the results of the study of Tellegen and colleagues? (1988)

A

Studies demonstarted that identical twins have much greater congruence in three aspects: positive emotionality, negativity emotionality and constraint, than fraternal twins despite what environment they grew up in.

36
Q

A comparison of identical and fraternal twins growing up in different environments (based pm Tellegen et al 1988)

A
37
Q

What did Lochlin in his 1992 study on twins from different countries show?

A

He summarised FIVE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES TWIN STUDIES ans found CONSISTENT STUDY.

Extroversion: Outgoing, sociable, lively and active personality was measured

Congruence for identical twins was signicanty greater then for twins who shared who shared only HALF there genetic blueprint.

38
Q

Correlation on extroversion (average for five studies) (baded on Lochlin 1992)

A
39
Q

Correlation on extroversion (averaged based on Lochlin 1992)

A
40
Q

Can aspects of personality change over time?

A
  • **Yes **
  • **MAJOR change can occur **
  • but Can also be **consistent **
  • Some changes are **common as we age **
  • *e.g. Phineas Gage’s accident Personality change occured. *
41
Q

How is the argument FOR NATURE supported in theories of personality?

A
  • THERE IS:
  • High correlation for fraternal twins reared APART and idendical twins in different environments
  • AND
  • Very low correlations for **unrelated children and adults living together **
42
Q

How is the argument FOR NURTURE supported in the personality theory?

A

ONLY 0.6 to 0.65 correlation in personality for twins reared TOGETHER

Something must have to expalin the difference… environment and experiences they had!

Both injury and illness account for NURTURE influence on personality

43
Q

Does personality become stable with age?

A

**YES **

  • Various trends in personality include:
  • Increased awareness, conscientiousness. *

Psychology (9 decks)

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