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Psychology > Chapter 13- Pro & Antisocial Behaviour of the individual > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Pro & Antisocial Behaviour of the individual Flashcards

0
Q

What is Social behaviour?

A

Any behaviour where interaction occurs between two or more people

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1
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A
  • Any Helping behaviour intended to benefit another group or society
  • Intended to help people and society in general
  • E.g. Cooperation, friendship, rescuing, sacrificing, sympathy, trust, bystander intervention
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2
Q

What are the two circumstances of prosocial behaviour?

A
  • it may be an automatic response to a situation

- deliberate favour that occurred over time

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3
Q

What are the explanations of pro- social behaviour (psb)

A
  • biological (nature) psb is genetic- protection of common gene pool
  • environmental, (nature) behaviour is not innate but learned through observation (rewards
  • Interaction of (nature and nurture) - we are a product if social learning despite innate tendency to help others
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4
Q

Factors influencing pro-social behaviour

A
  • The situation (characteristics of the situation)
  • social norms
  • personal characteristics of the helper
  • Altruism
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5
Q

THE SITUATION factor of pro-social brhaviour

A

-Situation must be a clear-cut need for help not ambiguous
-Environmental setting
E.g rural setting means people are more inclined to help one another then in dense population places
-Emergency situation or not

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6
Q

What is bystander intervention?

A

Person voluntarily helps someone else..

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7
Q

What is bystander effect?

A

When a Bystander is more likely to help others in an emergency when he or she is alone than when there are other bystanders

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8
Q

What is The decision stage model of helping

A

A model of the situational influences of bystander intervention created by psychologist LATANE & DARLEY 1970 comprised of five stages

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9
Q

What are the five stages of the decision stage model of helping?

A

1) notice the need for help
2) deciding that it is an emergency
3) deciding to take responsibility (most people stop here)
4) deciding on a way to help
5) taking action to help

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10
Q

Of a person stops at a stage help will not be provided TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE! Most people stop at stage three ( deciding to take responsibility)

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11
Q

Interpretation affects help given or not TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE
If bystander looks at other bystanders and notices no one else is taking no action they will assume that her or she is the only person who is confused about what to do just as they are thus no help
Is given at all

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12
Q

Various elements that effect the bystanders THE VICTIM

A
  • The victim (similarity of victim to the bystander i.e. gender, age, race
  • Some relationship to bystander- more likely
  • Bleeding or injured- less likely
  • Member of a stigmatised group- less likely
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13
Q

Various elements that effect the bystanders THE SITUATION

A

Many bystanders - less likely to help
No other bystanders- more likely
Limited time- less likely to help
Urgent need to help- more likely to help

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14
Q

Various elements that effect the bystanders THE BYSTANDER

A

Similarity to the victim (gender, age, race) more likely to help
Some relationship to the victim more likely to help
Negative responses to features like prejudices, judgements, blood less likely to help
Empathy- more likely to help
Knowledge or expertise in ho to help the victim- more likely
Mood (good) more likely
Mood (bad) less likely
Arousal (high) more likely
Altruistic (more likely to help)

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15
Q

Elements that affect bystander helping or not

A
  • THE SITUATION
  • THE VICTIM
  • THE BYSTANDER
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16
Q

What is a Norm?

A

A form of action or behaviour that is standardised and expected in society
What society regards as ‘normal’
Eg. Prosocial behaviour
E.g antisocial behaviour

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17
Q

What are the two norms?

A
  • RECIPROCITY norm

- SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY norm

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18
Q

RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE

A

The social expectation that you will respond in kind to someone who has helped you or done you a favour
Eg bringing back bin for neighbour as they did for you

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19
Q

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM

A

Social expectation where members of society are expected to provide help to people who are dependent or in need, WITHOUT the expectation of favours being returned
E.g. Helping the sick
Cairns locals contributing money to sick girl’s surgery and emotional support

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20
Q

What influences prosocial behaviour?

A

-PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS of the helper:
Empathy- emotional response to distress (arousal (can be selfish because you want to alleviate negative emotion) and similarity, genuine feelings of sadness)
Mood- good or bad
Competence
ALTRUISM

21
Q

What is Altruism

A

Refers to pro social behaviour focused on the well being of others without any thought to personal gain or reward

22
Q

What makes a behaviour altruistic?

A

-No personal gain or benefit received
- The motive is selfless and sometimes at great personal cost
-Contains an element of personal risk
- not part of your profession
E.g. Man going into burning house to save people

23
Q

What is Antisocial behaviour

A

Any behaviour harmful to others p, disruptive, harmful to the well-being or property of another of a group or society
E.g. Antisocial behaviour are aggression and prejudice
Must want to hurt another member

24
Q

What are the two types of antisocial behaviour?

A
  • Instrumental behaviour (thought out and directed to members in society)
  • Hostile behaviour (impulsive in response to an immediate behaviour)
25
Q

What ate the three explanations to Antisocial behaviour?

A
  • BIOLOGICAL: Genetic cause wanting to protect themselves and other members of their species
  • ENVIRONMENTAL: Antisocial behaviour is contributed by socialisation process (operant conditioning etc)
  • INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURE &NURTURE: Antisocial ways is a Product of learning from environment
26
Q

Factors influencing antisocial behaviour

A

The situation
The bystander effect
Key studies

27
Q

What is a Norm?

A

A form of action or behaviour that is standardised and expected in society
What society regards as ‘normal’
Eg. Prosocial behaviour
E.g antisocial behaviour

28
Q

What are the two norms?

A
  • RECIPROCITY norm

- SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY norm

29
Q

RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE

A

The social expectation that you will respond in kind to someone who has helped you or done you a favour
Eg bringing back bin for neighbour as they did for you

30
Q

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM

A

Social expectation where members of society are expected to provide help to people who are dependent or in need, WITHOUT the expectation of favours being returned
E.g. Helping the sick
Cairns locals contributing money to sick girl’s surgery and emotional support

31
Q

What influences prosocial behaviour?

A

-PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS of the helper:
Empathy- emotional response to distress (arousal (can be selfish because you want to alleviate negative emotion) and similarity, genuine feelings of sadness)
Mood- good or bad
Competence
ALTRUISM

32
Q

What is Altruism

A

Refers to pro social behaviour focused on the well being of others without any thought to personal gain or reward

33
Q

What makes a behaviour altruistic?

A

-No personal gain or benefit received
- The motive is selfless and sometimes at great personal cost
-Contains an element of personal risk
- not part of your profession
E.g. Man going into burning house to save people

34
Q

What is Antisocial behaviour

A

Any behaviour harmful to others p, disruptive, harmful to the well-being or property of another of a group or society
E.g. Antisocial behaviour are aggression and prejudice
Must want to hurt another member

35
Q

What are the two types of antisocial behaviour?

A
  • Instrumental behaviour (thought out and directed to members in society)
  • Hostile behaviour (impulsive in response to an immediate behaviour)
36
Q

What ate the three explanations to Antisocial behaviour?

A
  • BIOLOGICAL: Genetic cause wanting to protect themselves and other members of their species
  • ENVIRONMENTAL: Antisocial behaviour is contributed by socialisation process (operant conditioning etc)
  • INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURE &NURTURE: Antisocial ways is a Product of learning from environment
37
Q

Factors influencing antisocial behaviour

A 
BYSTANDER effect 
Diffusion of responsibility 
Audience inhibition 
Social influence 
Cost and benefit analysis
38
Q

What is the cost benefit model? (Piliivan and colleagues) (1981)

A

Physiological and cognitive arousal/processes experienced when bystander is faced in an emergency and he or she weighs up costs and benefits of providing help to those for NOT helping

39
Q

Three stages of cost benefit analysis

A

Physiological arousal e.g increased heart rate, if higher more prone to help
Labelling the arousal as personal distress or empathetic concern.
Evaluating the consequences- working out if cost outweigh helping outweigh benefit of reducing own distress

40
Q

Deindividuation is when:

A

Individuals likely commit Or are antisocial behaviour in a situation where they cant be identified personally

41
Q

What is aggression?

A

Behaviour directed at another person or people intended to cause harm
E.g. Gang fights, riots, child abuse, bullying, assualt (all antisocial behaviour)

42
Q

The two types agression

A

Hostile aggression- emotional impulsive
E.g hurting family or friend member can be caused by extreme temperature
Instrumental aggression- deliberate planning
Bank robber

43
Q

Three Explanations of aggression

A
  • Biological explanation:
  • Psychodynamic
  • Ethological
44
Q

Biological explanation for aggression:

A
  • human instinct (positive, fundamental aspect)because:

- beneficial to individuals, goal directed, common, unlearned

45
Q

Psychodynamic explanation

A
  • Aggression created from built up bodily tensions needed to be released
  • An innate personality characteristic motivated by sexual drives
  • occurs in children Should be resolved by adulthood
46
Q

Ethological explanations of aggression:

A
  • Likens drive of humans aggression to those of an animals instincts
  • aggression is beneficial allowing strong animals to eliminate young animals resulting evolution
  • allows structure in society
  • mother can protect children
  • enables access to resources such as food (social/ economic advantage)
47
Q

Social learning theory explanation of aggression (Bandura 1977)

A
  • pro and antisocial behaviour can be learned
  • occurs when one learns from watching another person’s behaviour and seeing it’s consequences
  • modelling (models and learners)
  • imitation likely to occur from learner if desirable consequence (rewards) is seen being awarded
48
Q

What conditions must be met to facilitate social learning?

A
  • model must be seen Rewarded by learner NOT punished
  • model must be appropriate for learner
  • learning must be real life or through tv, film
49
Q

Importance of Bandura’s study to aggression

A

If violence is learned then exposure to people behaving aggressively may lead others to imitate the aggression and become an established way of people being aggressive
Bobo doll experiment- children after watching model adults in room beat up bobo doll- hitting it kicking it etc many emulated
The same response when put in a room alone with it

50
Q

Variables influencing aggression:

A
  • Personal factors- gender, age, culture, self esteem frustration tolerance
  • Circumstances of the aggressor- discomfort, environment, crowding, temperature, invasion of personal space e.g. Road rage, pub brawls
  • perceived disadvantage- disadvantaged person compare SE standards with better off others lead to burglary, assault, riots
  • deindividuation- Agressor acts so because Less chance of being identified
  • conformity to norms- behaving in ways society expects and accepts, some groups more accepting then others
51
Q

Factors reducing aggression

A
  • social learning theory modelling non aggressive behaviour
  • teaching people self control through social skills
  • anger management
  • assertiveness training
  • displaying unexpected behaviour to diffuse situation
  • cognitive strategies/training ‘stop and think’

Psychology (9 decks)

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