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Biology > Ch. 19 Protists > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Protists Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Often used informally to describe the many phyla of animal like protists

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

A temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasma membrane that helps protozoa move and feed

A

Pseudopod

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3
Q

Fake foot

A

Pseudopod

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4
Q

Short, hairlike structures that cover some/all of the cell surface to help the organism swim and capture food

A

Cilia

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5
Q

Photosynthetic plantlike protists

A

Algae

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6
Q

A large group of single celled organisms that swim with the aid of one or two flagella

A

Euglenoids

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7
Q

Flexible coat like covering on euglenoid’s cell surface which allows the cell to change shape and in some species helps the organisms to creep across solid surfaces like a worm

A

Pellicle

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8
Q

Can produce light through internal chemical reactions

A

Bioluminescent

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9
Q

Eukaryotic organisms that have both fungus like and animal like traits

A

Slime molds

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10
Q

Fungus like protists that are made up of branching strands of cells

A

Water molds

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11
Q

Why are protists grouped together?m

A

They share some features with animals, plants, and fungi but lack one or more traits that would place them in these 3 kingdoms.

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12
Q

Describe protists.

A
  • may be single/ multi celled

- reproduce asexually or sexually or both

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13
Q

How are protists categorized?

A

Based on how they get their food

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14
Q

Describe animal like protists.

A

Heterotrophs/single celled (unlike animals)/ lack chloroplasts

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15
Q

Describe Plant like protists.

A

Autotrophs through photosynthesis; may have roots, stems, or leaves; and may be single celled, colonial, or multicellular

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16
Q

Animal like protists Ex.

A

Oxytricha

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17
Q

Plant like protists Ex.

A

Pediastrum

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18
Q

Fungus like protists Ex.

A

Slime molds

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19
Q

Describe fungus like protists.

A

Decompose dead organisms/ (unlike fungi) can move

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20
Q

A eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

A

Protists

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21
Q

What key difference between animal like protists and animals?

A

all animal like protists are unicellular while all are multicellular

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22
Q

Where are the flagella in zooflagellates?

A

Their flagella are extensions of cytoplasm made bundles of microtubules enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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23
Q

Whose flagella is bigger- prokaryote’s or zooflagellate’s?

A

Zooflagellate’s

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24
Q

Why amoebas form pseudopods?

A

To move

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25
How do pseudopods form?
Forms when cell cytoplasm flows outward to form a bulge which spreads, anchors itself to the surface its on, and pulls the rest of cell toward it (NEEDS ENERGY)
26
How do amoebas get food?
Through ingestion through the process if phagocytosis
27
Explain phagocytosis in amoebas.
It surrounds the food with its pseudopods, and its outer membrane forms a food vacuole. Digestive enzymes enter the food vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm, and digestion takes place.
28
Explain amoebas.
Live in fresh water, salt water, and soil Majority are free living, but some are parasites Most are microscopic
29
Explain zooflagellates.
All are heterotrophs that can eat prokaryotes that feed on dissolved organic matter Some are pathogens or live inside other organisms in mutualism
30
What are shorter than flagella and found in greater number?
Cilia
31
Explain ciliates.
Some are parasites that cause diseases | Most are free living and found in fresh water.
32
Example of a free living ciliates in fresh water.
Paramecium
33
Explain zooflagellate Trypansoma (sleeping disease).
Transmitted by tstee fly bite and causes coma and death
34
Explain Malaria.
From Anopheles mosquito bite Symptoms: fever, vomiting, severely affects kidney and liver function Leads to coma and death Mosquitos developed resistance to anti malarial drugs
35
Explain zooflagellate Giardia.
Causes intestinal disease | Become infected by drinking water contaminated with feces of infected animals
36
What is the difference plants and plant like protists?
Plant like protists don't have roots, stems, leaves, specialized tissues, or the same reproductive structures Plant like protists can be be single or multi celled while all plants are multicellular
37
Explain plant like protists.
Many single celled ones are free living aquatic organisms that together with photosynthetic bacteria are phytoplankton Several species of single celled ones live in colonies (Ex. Volvex) Can be multi celled Some species eat other organisms through photosynthesis
38
Ex. Of multicellular plant like protists.
Seaweeds and kelps
39
In the past single celled organisms combined into multicellular organisms such as....
Volvex
40
How did single celled algae become multi celled?m
Individual cells in colonies that were efficient at certain tasks became more specialized over time and became more dependent on each other and led to multicellular forms
41
Where do most plant like protists live?
In freshwater and marine ecosystems, but some live in deserts and tundra.
42
What do most plant like protists have at some point in their life?
Flagellum
43
How are plant like protists grouped into several phyla?
Based on their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall membrane
44
Explain plant like euglenoids.
Most found in freshwater, some in ocean environments
45
How are plant like photosynthetic euglenoids green?
Comes from 2 different chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll a and b)
46
All photosynthetic organisms have what?
Chlorophyll a
47
Chlorophyll b is only in what?
Only in green algae and plants
48
Explain dinoflagellates.
Singled celled 90% marine plankton Some are freshwater and some are snow About half of all marine dinoflagellates photosynthesize
49
How do dinoflagellates move?
They have 2 flagella. One extends from the rear cell and propels it forward and the other is ribbonlike strand that circles the cell in a groove along its body and allows the cell to turn over and change direction The combination of 2 flagella cause it to turn in a spiral as it moves forward
50
Example of a bioluminescent organisms.
Noctiluca
51
What can dinoflagellates do and cause?
Can help build coral reefs through their mutualistic relationship with coral and cause red tides through their toxins
52
Tiny celled algae covered in delicately patterned glass shells
Diatoms
53
What do diatoms' shells serve as?
An external skeleton to help the cell hold its rigid shape
54
What do diatoms play a critical role in?
The uptake of carbon dioxide and the production of half of the world's oxygen
55
Explain diatoms.
May be freshwater or marine Many species are phytoplankton Other live clinging to rocks, plants, soil, and animals ( crustaceans, turtles, and whales)
56
Why are diatoms well preserved?
Because of their glassy mineralized shells
57
What are the industrial uses for diatom skeletons?
Ingredient in scrubbing products due their rough texture
58
Explain green algae.
May be found in water and land but most are aquatic Multicellular and have chlorophyll a and b Plants/ green algae have accessory pigments called carotenoids
59
What are accessory pigments?
Capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll during photosynthesis
60
What suggests that algae were early ancestors if plants?
Have cell walls made if cellulose and store food in cells as starch
61
Example of brown algae.
Underwater kelp forests
62
Explain Brown algae.
Multicellular Can be extremely large Photosynthetic with chlorophyll c like diatoms
63
Explain red algae.
Most found in ocean and few in freshwater | Use chlorophyll a for photosynthesis but get their color from pigment phycoerythrin
64
How can red algae grow in deeper depth?
Because their red pigments allow it to absorb blue light reaching deepest in the ocean
65
How can all algae reproduce?
Asexually
66
Multicellular algae can do what?
Fragment
67
What are the similarities between fungus like protists and fungi?
Both can decompose and have similar reproductive structures/ cycles
68
How are fungus like protists and fungi different?
Fungus like protists can move
69
What can slime molds be divided into?
Plasmodial/ cellular slime molds
70
Example of plasmodial slime molds.
Dog vomit slime molds
71
What are plasmodial slime molds like most of their life?
A single mass of cytoplasm that is actually a large single cell with many nuclei called a plasmodium
72
How do plasmodial slime molds move?
Like a giant amoeba creeping over the ground as it absorbs bacteria and nutrients from decaying matter
73
What do plasmodial slime molds do when food and moisture are in short supply?
They stop growing and develop non moving reproductive structures that produce spores
74
Explain cellular slime molds.
Common in soil | Each spore released by it becomes a single amoeba like cell
75
What do cellular slime molds do when food is scarce?
Individual cells can release chemical signals that cause the cells to swarm together and form a slug like body that moves as 1 organism celled a pseudoplasmodium (fake plasmodium) because each cel, is independent (cell membranes don't fuse).
76
Explain water molds.
Common in freshwater habitats Many are decomposers Some are parasites of plants and fish
77
Ex. Of water mold parasite
Phytophthora infestations causes disease potato blight
78
Explain potato blight.
Outbreak in Ireland from 1845-1849 Destroyed almost all of potato crops 1 million people died of starvation called Great Potato Famine

Biology (15 decks)

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