Chapter 12- The History Of Life

Question 1

Occurs when minerals carried away by water are deposited around a hard structure. They may also replace the hard structure itself.

Answer 1

Permineralization

Question 2

Form when flowing water removes all of the original bone or tissue, leaving just an impression in sediment. Minerals fill in the mold, recreating the original shape of the organism.

Answer 2

Natural casts

Question 3

Records the activity of an organism

Ex. Nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and footprints

Answer 3

Trace fossils

Question 4

Organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens into Amber after the tree gets buried underground.

Answer 4

Amber preserved fossils

Question 5

Form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice or volcanic ash or immersed in bogs.

Answer 5

Preserved remains

Question 6

Most fossils form in what kind of rock?

Answer 6

Sedimentary

Question 7

What is the best kind of environment for fossilization?

Answer 7

Wetlands, bogs,many areas where sediment is continuously deposited

Question 8

Where do most fossils result from?

Answer 8

Permineralization

Question 9

Estimates the time during which an organism loved by comparing the placement of fossils of that organism with the placement of fossils in other rock layers

Answer 9

Relative dating

Question 10

A technique that uses the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials in order to calculate the age of the material

Answer 10

Radio metric dating

Question 11

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Answer 11

Isotopes

Question 12

The amount of time it takes for half of the nuclei isotope in a sample to decay into a different element or its product isotope

Answer 12

Half life

Question 13

What isotope is commonly used for radioactive dating?

Answer 13

14^C

Question 14

Fossils of organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over large geographic areas

Answer 14

Index fossils

Question 15

What determines the age of fossils or strata they’re found in?

Answer 15

Index fossils

Question 16

What are the best index fossils to use?

Answer 16

Most common, easiest to indent icy, found widely around the world, and only existed for a brief amount of time

Question 17

A representation of the history of Earth and organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred using evidence from the fossil/ geologic records

Answer 17

Geologic time scale

Question 18

Last tens to hundreds of millions of years and consist of two or more periods

Answer 18

Eras

Question 19

The most commonly used unit of time on the geologic scale, lasting tens of millions of years. Each are associated with a particular type of rock system.

Answer 19

Period

Question 20

The smallest unit of geologic time and lasts several million years

Answer 20

Epochs

Question 21

Ancient life era

Answer 21

Paleozoic

Question 22

Middle life era

Answer 22

Mesozoic

Question 23

Recent life era

Answer 23

Cenozoic

Question 24

A cloud of gas/ dust in space

Answer 24

Nebula

Question 25

What is the most widely accepted hypothesis of Earth's origin?

Answer 25

Earth formed by a condensing nebula

Question 26

What is the meteorite hypothesis?

Answer 26

Organic molecules may come to earth through meteorite or asteroid impacts

Question 27

How could the behavior of lipids lead to the formation of the first cells?

Answer 27

Lipid molecules formed membranes which formed into spheres called liposomes.

Question 28

What did the Miller-Urey demonstrate?

Answer 28

Organic molecules form from inorganic molecules beloved to be present in the early atmosphere.

Question 29

When one organism lives inside the body of another, and both benefit the relationship

Answer 29

Endosymbiosis (or mutualism)

Question 30

What theory states that larger prokaryotes took up smaller prokaryotes that became what?

Answer 30

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 31

The fossil evidence indicates that anaerobic prokaryotes were what?

Answer 31

The first living organisms

Question 32

RNA molecules that can catalyze specific chemical reactions

Answer 32

Ribozymes

Question 33

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

Answer 33

Cyanobacteria

Question 34

What is the proof that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once smaller prokaryotes?

Answer 34

- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and chromosomes - can copy themselves in their cells - about the same size as prokaryotes - DNA forms in circles - gene structures are similar to prokaryotes

Question 35

The evolution of primates is thought to have occurred in which of the following time periods?

Answer 35

Cenozoic era

Question 36

Which periods make up the Mesozoic era?

Answer 36

Triassic, Jurassic,many Cretaceous

Question 37

Which is the longest time span in Earth's history?

Answer 37

Cenozoic era

Question 38

What is called the age of the reptiles because dinosaurs lived at the time and also features flowering plants, birds, and the oldest direct mammal ancestor?

Answer 38

Mesozoic era

Question 39

What periods is Cenozoic era divided into?

Answer 39

Tertiary and quaternary

Question 40

Era of geologic time (544 to 248 million years ago) during which members of every maker animal group alive today evolved

Answer 40

Paleozoic

Question 41

Era during which dinosaurs roamed the Earth (from 248 million years ago to 65 million years ago)

Answer 41

Mesozoic

Question 42

Geologic time period that began 65 million years ago and continues today

Answer 42

Cenozoic

Question 43

Earliest part of the Paleozoic era, when a huge diversity of animal species evolved

Answer 43

Cambrian explosion

Question 44

What are the ways fossils can form?

Answer 44

Permineralization, natural casts, trace fossils, Amber preserved, and preserved remains