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Evolution Unit Review Flashcards

1
Q

What contribution did Lamarck make to evolution?

A

a naturalist who proposed the Theory of Acquired Traits. (HE WAS WRONG)

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2
Q

Ex. the giraffe got a long neck because it continued to stretch its neck until it got that long.

A

Theory of Acquired Traits (Lamarck)

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3
Q

What contribution did Malthus make to evolution?

A

Economist who said that the human population would run out of natural resources.

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4
Q

What contribution did Darwin make to evolution?

A

Proposed the Theory of Natural Selection

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5
Q

Those organisms who are best adapted to their environment survive and pass on their traits to their offspring.

A

Theory of Natural Selection

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6
Q

What contribution did Lyell/Hutton make to evolution?

A

Geologists who proposed mechanisms for how Earth evolved.

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7
Q

What contribution did Lyell make to evolution?

A

Principles of Geology and uniformitarianism

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8
Q

What contribution did Hutton make to evolution?

A

gradualism

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9
Q

What is the mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals?

A

Theory of Natural Selection

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10
Q

What are the 4 causes of evolution/natural selection?

A
  • overproduction
  • variation
  • adaptation
  • descent with modification
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11
Q

What are the 2 sources of genetic variation?

A

mutations and recombination

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12
Q

same structure but different function

A

homologous structures

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13
Q

Ex. human hand, bat wing, rat foot, and cat paw

A

homologous structures

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14
Q

organs that once had a function, but no longer do

A

vestigial structures

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15
Q

Ex. hip bones in snakes, hips and leg fragment in whales, and human appendix

A

vestigial structures

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16
Q

same function but different structure

A

analogous strucures

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17
Q

Ex. bat wing and insect wing

A

analogous structures

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18
Q

What is speciation?

A

Forming of 2 or more species from 1 existing species

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19
Q

What events can cause speciation?

A

isolation and genetic drift

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20
Q

Condition in which a population’s allele frequencies for a given trait DON’T change from generation to generation. Allele frequencies will remain constant UNLESS five requirements are met, which rarely happens, so is theoretical but can show evolutionary changes taking place IF the allele frequencies are changing.

A

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

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21
Q

What are the 5 requirements for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • large population
  • no gene flow (no emigration or immigration)
  • no mutations
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
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22
Q

What is the difference between bottleneck effect and founder effect?

A

Bottleneck effect occurs after some random event greatly reduces the size of a population whereas Founder effect occurs after a smaller number of individuals colonize a new area.

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23
Q

What are the similarities between bottleneck effect and founder effect?

A

Both may show genetic drift and usually result in allele distributions that aren’t representative of the original population.

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24
Q

differences in genes

A

genetic variation

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25
all the genes in a population
gene pool
26
changes in allele frequencies due to chance in a small population
genetic drift
27
measure of how often an allele shows up in a population
allele frequency
28
movement of alleles into and out of a population due to emigration or immigration
gene flow
29
Fitness is an organism's ability to ......
survive and reproduce
30
the more fit the individual the more likely they are to pass on the trait to the next generation
fitness
31
a variation/mutation that helps an organism to better survive
adaptation
32
over time, natural selection will result in a species with adaptations well suited for its environment
descent with modification
33
organisms produce more organisms than will survive in hopes that they will live long and reproduce
overproduction
34
How does natural selection apply to evolution?
"survival of the fittest"
35
A horse and a donkey can mate and produce a mule, but a mule cannot produce more mules. Why is a mule not a species?
A mule is NOT a species because it cannot reproduce with other mules to produce offspring.
36
What is the study of fossils called?
paleontology
37
What kind of rock are most fossils found in?
sedimentary rock
38
What are large scale evolutionary changes called?
macro evolution
39
What is small scale evolutionary changes on the genetic level called?
micro evolution
40
Describe the difference between convergent and divergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is different species evolve similar traits (analogous structures) and divergent evolution is 2 closely related species evolve in different directions (homologous structures)
41
Process in which 2 or more species evolve in response to each other. Think of symbiosis from ecology-mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
co evolution
42
Ex. crabs and snails, flowers and pollinators
coevolution
43
In order for evolution to happen, the population must be ......
small
44
An inherited trait that allows an organism to survive.
adaptation
45
random changes in DNA sequences resulting in new phenotypes or variation
mutations
46
evolutionary changes result from slow changes over a long period of time
gradualism
47
theory stating speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change.
punctuated equilibrium
48
the rapid evolution of many diverse species from ancestral species
adaptive radiation
49
favors ONE extreme
directional selection
50
favors the AVERAGE
stabilizing selection
51
favors BOTH extremes
disruptive selection
52
How can comparative biochemistry and genetic evidence support evolution?
Comparative biochemistry compares proteins and amino acids. Genetic evidence studies DNA/RNA comparisons. The more species have in common, the more likely they're related.
53
How can gene flow affect the gene pool?
Gene flow can affect the gene pool by introduction of new alleles due to emigration or immigration.
54
land barrier prevents reproduction | Ex. water, mountains, etc.
geographic isolation
55
organisms from the original population can NO longer reproduce
reproductive isolation
56
organisms do not reproduce because of differences in mating rituals
behavioral isolation
57
organisms do not reproduce because of bad timing
temporal isolation (time = TEMP)
58
What are the 4 methods that support evolution?
comparative embryology, geography (biogeography), physiology (physical structures- homologous, analogous, vestigial), and fossil record
59
the longer 2 organisms look like each other in the womb, the more likely they share a common ancestor
comparative embryology
60
study of where organisms live
geography (biogeography)
61
physical structures (homologous, vestigial, and analogous)
physiology
62
fossils show relative age of organisms
fossil record
63
preserved remains of a once living organism
fossil
64
species that have all died out
extinction
65
What are two ways to date fossils?
- radiometric | - relative
66
List the geologic eras from oldest to present time.
1) precambium 2) paleozoic 3) mesozoic 4) cenozoic
67
Briefly explain Miller and Urey's experiments.
Simulated Earth's ancient atmosphere attempting to create amino acids.
68
How old is Earth?
about 4.6 billion years old
69
When did the first dinosaurs appear?
225 million years ago
70
Early mitochondria and chloroplasts were once simple prokaryotes that were taken up by larger prokaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
71
What are two types of evidence to support endosymbiosis?
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and replicate within the cell.
72
What is the difference between relative and radiometric dating?
Relative dating estimates age while radiometric dating gives the actual/absolute age of fossils.
73
Which dating method uses radioactive elements?
radiometric dating
74
What isotope is commonly used in radiometric dating?
C-14
75
Which group of organisms are believed to be the first present on Earth?
bacteria
76
How old are Homo-sapiens?
about 100,000 years old
77
Describe Earth's atmosphere about 4 billion years ago.
Violent, hot, acidic, and NO OXYGEN!!!!

Biology (15 decks)

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