Ch 2

Question 1

/What are the 4 levels of structural complexity

Answer 1

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Question 2

What happens in the primary structure

Answer 2

The Amino Acid sequence

Question 3

What happens in the secondary structure

Answer 3

Hydrogen Bonding, Alpha Helix, Beta pleated sheet

Question 4

What happens in the Tertiary Structure

Answer 4

Continued hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, and the tucking away of hydrophobic amino acids

Question 5

What happens in the Quaternary Structure

Answer 5

A protein is fully functional
2 or more polypeptide chains join

Question 6

What are Ionic Bonds

Answer 6

• Opposite charges
• Transfer of electrons between atoms
• It occurs between metal & nonmetal
• Less strong than hydrogen more than a covalent
  ex. LiF aka Lithium Fluoride

Question 7

What are polar covalent

Answer 7

-Shares electrons unevenly (Uneven pull)
- 2nd strongest pull
- Occurs between 2 non-metals
ex. NH aka Ammonia

Question 8

Nonpolar Covalent

Answer 8

• Shares electrons evenly ( Pull is even)
• Strongest pull
• Occurs between 2 non-metals
  ex. N2 aka Nitrogen

Question 9

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 9

• weakest bond
• only occurs between hydrogen & another molecule
  ex. H2O water

Question 10

What are biological molecules

Answer 10

-Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids

Question 11

What can serve as a catalyst( speed up chemical reactions)

Answer 11

Enzymes (Proteins )

Question 12

Water molecules are what kind of molecules?

Answer 12

Polar Molecules ( attract other molecules)

Question 13

Hydrophilic

Answer 13

Polar molecules are attracted to water

Question 14

Hydrophobic

Answer 14

Nonpolar molecules are not attracted to water

Question 15

The loss or gain of one or more electrons by an atom creates a(n)

Answer 15

Ion

Question 16

The most common storage system is ___?

Answer 16

ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)

Question 17

Enzymes are composed of _____

Answer 17

Proteins

Question 18

Biomembranes are composed of

Answer 18

Phospholipids, and some proteins and glycolipids

Question 19

Dissolving an ionic compound in H2O( a polar solvent) results in “spheres of hydration” surrounding the atoms, where ___(1)__, surrounds the ___(2)___ anion, and ____(3)_____ surrounds the ____(4)____ cation.

Answer 19

1. Hydrogen
2. Negative
3. Oxygen
4. Positive

Question 20

All elements are composed of one type of ____

Answer 20

Atom

Question 21

Atoms usually have an equal # of protons & electrons

Answer 21

just the answer

Question 22

What type of charge do Neutrons, Protons and Electrons have

Answer 22

Protons: Positive charge
Neutrons: No charge
Electrons: Negative charge

Question 23

The Atomic # of an element

Answer 23

is the # of protons in the nucleus

Question 24

Neutrons in an element is

Answer 24

Atomic Mass- Atomic #

Question 25

The Atomic Mass of an element is

Answer 25

Sum of Protons & Neutrons in the nucleus

Question 26

Isotopes of Atoms

Answer 26

Have the Same # of Protons, different # of neutrons ( can be more or few)

Question 27

Isotopes of Atoms

Answer 27

Have the Same # of Protons, different # of neutrons ( can be more or few)

Question 28

The smallest organization of matter are _____

Answer 28

Elements

Question 29

Elements

Answer 29

-are pure substances cannot be broken down into any other constituent parts

Question 30

All organic compounds must contain

Answer 30

Carbon

Question 31

Most organisms are composed of

Answer 31

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen ( only composed of Atoms)

Question 32

Compounds are

Answer 32

combination of 2 or more elements (proportion never vary)

Question 33

Mixtures are

Answer 33

2 or more kinds of molecules mingle ( Proportion may be different)

Question 34

Anabolic reactions

Answer 34

Build things up ex. Condensation (water as a byproduct)

Question 35

Catabolic reactions

Answer 35

Break things down ex. hydrolysis ( water as a substrate)

Question 36

Proteins are built from how many amino acids?

Answer 36

20 Amino Acids

Question 37

Free Radicals

Answer 37

are missing an electron

Question 38

Antioxidants

Answer 38

Give up a free electron to the free radical

Question 39

Organic Compounds

Answer 39

-Living organisms - Contain Carbon & at least 1 hydrogen atom - Functional groups affect chemical behavior

Question 40

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 40

-Do Not contain both Carbon & hydrogen ex. water H2O

Question 41

The pH scale

Answer 41

-From 0-7 is more acidic -From 8-14 is more acidic Pure water is 7 on the pH scale

Question 42

Polymer

Answer 42

Monomers with 3 or more subunits

Question 43

What are the types of protein?

Answer 43

Globular: Usually water-soluble (round) Fibrous: Stringy, tough, usually insoluble in water * shape determines its function*

Question 44

4 Categories of Organic Compounds are

Answer 44

Carbohydrates- monosaccharides Lipids- Fatty acids, glycerol, sterols Proteins- Amino Acids Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides

Question 45

Ribonucleic Acid RNA

Answer 45

-single-stranded -ribose sugar - (A)denine, (U)racil, (C)ytosine, (G)uanine base -messenger in/outside nucleus -regulates cellular metabolism, produces protein, governs developmental timing

Question 46

Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA

Answer 46

-Double-stranded -Deoxyribose sugar -Determines order of Amino Acids -(A)denine, (T)hymine, (C)ytosine, (G)uanine base -builds protein, maintains homeostasis, regulates the physiological process

Question 47

Isotopes can be used to pick up cancer cells

Answer 47

answer

Question 48

The process in which an Atom or molecule loses 1 or more electrons to another Atom or molecule is know as ________

Answer 48

Oxidation

Question 49

Radioisotopes can be used to detect cancer because cancer cells are more active & take up energy more quickly

Answer 49

answer traces are injected into the patient

Question 50

What is a solute

Answer 50

A dissolved substance

Question 51

Chemical bonds turn into molecules

Answer 51

true