Ch. 2

Question 1

where the action potential of the cell is created

Answer 1

axon hillock

Question 2

short projections from the cell body that serve as the main input site for the cell

Answer 2

dendrite

Question 3

output unit of the cell, specialized to send information (electrical message) to other neurons, muscles cells, or glands. The nerve transmitter

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

How do neurons communicate within themselves

Answer 4

electrically

Question 5

How do neurons communicate with each other

Answer 5

chemically

Question 6

What are the functions of a neuron

Answer 6

receive (chemical messages from other neurons), integrate (1 neuron can get many messages and condense them into 1), transmit (electrical signals down axon), transfers (chemically between neurons)

Question 7

moves neurotransmitters and other substances from the soma down the axon toward the presynaptic terminal

Answer 7

anterograde transport

Question 8

moves substances from the synapse back to the soma

Answer 8

retrograde transport

Question 9

classification of neurons that have 2 primary processes that extend form the cell body: dendritic root and axon.

Answer 9

bipolar

Question 10

what type of neuron is the cell of peripheral somatosensation

Answer 10

pseudounipolar

Question 11

part of a pseudounipolar neuron that functions like a dendrite, so it receives the message that the cell then transmits

Answer 11

peripheral axon

Question 12

part of a pseudo unipolar neuron that bypasses the cell body and goes into spinal cord where it carries the message to the brain

Answer 12

central axon

Question 13

classification of neuron that have multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell body and a single axon

Answer 13

multipolar

Question 14

cell of the brain and peripheral motor function

Answer 14

multipolar

Question 15

small neuron that gets stuck between two others and it’s job is to adjust the messaging

Answer 15

interneuron

Question 16

what are the 4 types of channels in our membranes

Answer 16

leak, modality-gated, ligand-gated, and voltage-gated

Question 17

allow diffusion of a small number of ions through the membrane at a slow continuous rate. Must have a driving force and must fit for ions to pass through.

Answer 17

Leak channel

Question 18

specific to sensory neurons. Open in response to mechanical forces (stretch, touch, and pressure, temperature changes, or chemicals

Answer 18

modality-gated channel

Question 19

open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to the surface of a channel receptor on a postsynaptic cell membrane. Found on cell bodies and dendrites where they get chemicals from other neurons

Answer 19

ligand-gated channel

Question 20

open in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane. Channel that conducts an action potential

Answer 20

voltage-gated channel

Question 21

channels that start the process of changing ions

Answer 21

modality and ligand

Question 22

the value of the electrical potential across the membrane when a neuron is not transmitting information. The difference in charge from outside to inside a cell

Answer 22

resting potential

Question 23

which part of the cell has more negative charge

Answer 23

inside

Question 24

changing what type of of electrical allows our nerves to send signals

Answer 24

resting potential

Question 25

the driving factor for setting up the difference of charge. Makes the inside of the cell more negative

Answer 25

Na+/K+ ATP pump

Question 26

Na+/K+ ATP pump transports how many Na+ ions out of cell for every 2 K+ ions it brings in

Answer 26

3

Question 27

"excitatory"

Answer 27

depolarization

Question 28

"inhibitory"

Answer 28

hyperpolarization

Question 29

to create less separation or less difference. Makes the inside less negative relative to the outside of the cell. The way that we create action potentials

Answer 29

depolarization

Question 30

to create more separation or difference. Makes the inside even more negative than it typically is at rest. Makes it less likely that an action potential will be created

Answer 30

hyperpolarization

Question 31

what 2 places do local potentials happen

Answer 31

receptors of sensory neurons and at the neurotransmitter or ligand-gated channels on a dendrite

Question 32

small flows of ions or changes in polarity that take place either at the end of a sensory neuron or at a synapse. Can be "graded." Passively propagate.

Answer 32

local potential

Question 33

a change of potential caused by the modality opening gates

Answer 33

receptor potential

Question 34

a change of potential, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing , that is caused by neurotransmitters opening ligand-gated channels

Answer 34

synaptic potential

Question 35

what is the purpose of a local change of potential

Answer 35

to help create action potentials

Question 36

many repetitive signals arriving at one spot over time.

Answer 36

temporal summation

Question 37

one signal arriving at many different places

Answer 37

spatial summation

Question 38

long distance message of the nervous system. Created when voltage-gated channels open and allow enough depolarization to occur

Answer 38

action potential

Question 39

what 2 places does an action potential start

Answer 39

trigger zone or axon hillock

Question 40

piece of sensory neuron just proximal to sensor. Has voltage-gated channels in it. If they open, AP is created.

Answer 40

trigger zone

Question 41

how do action potentials travel

Answer 41

active and passive propagation

Question 42

period of time where no new action potentials can be created at that spot

Answer 42

absolute

Question 43

period of time where a new action potential can be created at that spot but only if there is a large stimulus

Answer 43

relative

Question 44

a period of time where no new action potential can be created at that spot. Ensures the one-way travel of signals.

Answer 44

refractory period

Question 45

auto-immune attack on Schwann cells (PNS cell myelinators). Can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic peripheral neurons.

Answer 45

Guillain-Barre

Question 46

auto-immune attack on oligodendrocytes (CNS cell myelinators). Can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons. Typically lose function, neuroinflammation goes away and they can function again. Relapse/remit pattern.

Answer 46

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 47

type of glia found in the CNS. Have a phagocytic function in injury, destruction of aging neurons, may have started as immune system cells during development, and abnormal activation may contribute to brain disease

Answer 47

microglia

Question 48

most common type of brain tumor. Tumor creates ischemia. Most common location is in the frontal lobe.

Answer 48

astrocytoma

Question 49

macroglia cell that provides myelin insulation in the PNS. Has phagocytic function in injury

Answer 49

Schwann cell

Question 50

macroglia cell that provides myelin insulation in CNS. One to many insulation.

Answer 50

Oligodendrocyte

Question 51

macroglia cell that is in charge of cell signaling, scavenger function, connecting neurons and capillaries, and provide the pathway for migrating neurons in development

Answer 51

Astrocyte

Question 52

pathology associated with synaptic transmission of acetylcholine

Answer 52

myasthenia gravis

Question 53

pathology associated with synaptic transmission of serotonin

Answer 53

depression

Question 54

end of the axon before the synapse

Answer 54

presynaptic terminal

Question 55

ligand released from terminal

Answer 55

neurotransmitter

Question 56

type of channel on the post-synaptic membrane

Answer 56

ligand-gated

Question 57

space between axon and dendrite (presynaptic and postsynaptic)

Answer 57

synaptic cleft

Question 58

the very last voltage-gated channels let what ion in during synaptic signaling

Answer 58

calcium

Question 59

what does calcium do during synaptic signaling

Answer 59

moves ligand to the end of the axon

Question 60

function of glia

Answer 60

provide structure for neural cells may assist with transmission of information May assist with regulation of extracellular fluid possible role in pathogenesis

Question 61

when one axon splits into many branches and sends messages to many different target neurons

Answer 61

divergence

Question 62

when there are many inputs coming to one neuron

Answer 62

convergence

Question 63

how do you typically name pathways

Answer 63

origin + termination

Question 64

how does your brain know strength

Answer 64

number of action potentials