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Neuroscience > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where the action potential of the cell is created

A

axon hillock

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2
Q

short projections from the cell body that serve as the main input site for the cell

A

dendrite

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3
Q

output unit of the cell, specialized to send information (electrical message) to other neurons, muscles cells, or glands. The nerve transmitter

A

axon

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4
Q

How do neurons communicate within themselves

A

electrically

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5
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other

A

chemically

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6
Q

What are the functions of a neuron

A

receive (chemical messages from other neurons), integrate (1 neuron can get many messages and condense them into 1), transmit (electrical signals down axon), transfers (chemically between neurons)

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7
Q

moves neurotransmitters and other substances from the soma down the axon toward the presynaptic terminal

A

anterograde transport

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8
Q

moves substances from the synapse back to the soma

A

retrograde transport

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9
Q

classification of neurons that have 2 primary processes that extend form the cell body: dendritic root and axon.

A

bipolar

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10
Q

what type of neuron is the cell of peripheral somatosensation

A

pseudounipolar

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11
Q

part of a pseudounipolar neuron that functions like a dendrite, so it receives the message that the cell then transmits

A

peripheral axon

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12
Q

part of a pseudo unipolar neuron that bypasses the cell body and goes into spinal cord where it carries the message to the brain

A

central axon

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13
Q

classification of neuron that have multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell body and a single axon

A

multipolar

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14
Q

cell of the brain and peripheral motor function

A

multipolar

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15
Q

small neuron that gets stuck between two others and it’s job is to adjust the messaging

A

interneuron

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16
Q

what are the 4 types of channels in our membranes

A

leak, modality-gated, ligand-gated, and voltage-gated

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17
Q

allow diffusion of a small number of ions through the membrane at a slow continuous rate. Must have a driving force and must fit for ions to pass through.

A

Leak channel

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18
Q

specific to sensory neurons. Open in response to mechanical forces (stretch, touch, and pressure, temperature changes, or chemicals

A

modality-gated channel

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19
Q

open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to the surface of a channel receptor on a postsynaptic cell membrane. Found on cell bodies and dendrites where they get chemicals from other neurons

A

ligand-gated channel

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20
Q

open in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane. Channel that conducts an action potential

A

voltage-gated channel

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21
Q

channels that start the process of changing ions

A

modality and ligand

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22
Q

the value of the electrical potential across the membrane when a neuron is not transmitting information. The difference in charge from outside to inside a cell

A

resting potential

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23
Q

which part of the cell has more negative charge

A

inside

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24
Q

changing what type of of electrical allows our nerves to send signals

A

resting potential

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25
Q

the driving factor for setting up the difference of charge. Makes the inside of the cell more negative

A

Na+/K+ ATP pump

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26
Q

Na+/K+ ATP pump transports how many Na+ ions out of cell for every 2 K+ ions it brings in

A

3

27
Q

“excitatory”

A

depolarization

28
Q

“inhibitory”

A

hyperpolarization

29
Q

to create less separation or less difference. Makes the inside less negative relative to the outside of the cell. The way that we create action potentials

A

depolarization

30
Q

to create more separation or difference. Makes the inside even more negative than it typically is at rest. Makes it less likely that an action potential will be created

A

hyperpolarization

31
Q

what 2 places do local potentials happen

A

receptors of sensory neurons and at the neurotransmitter or ligand-gated channels on a dendrite

32
Q

small flows of ions or changes in polarity that take place either at the end of a sensory neuron or at a synapse. Can be “graded.” Passively propagate.

A

local potential

33
Q

a change of potential caused by the modality opening gates

A

receptor potential

34
Q

a change of potential, either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing , that is caused by neurotransmitters opening ligand-gated channels

A

synaptic potential

35
Q

what is the purpose of a local change of potential

A

to help create action potentials

36
Q

many repetitive signals arriving at one spot over time.

A

temporal summation

37
Q

one signal arriving at many different places

A

spatial summation

38
Q

long distance message of the nervous system. Created when voltage-gated channels open and allow enough depolarization to occur

A

action potential

39
Q

what 2 places does an action potential start

A

trigger zone or axon hillock

40
Q

piece of sensory neuron just proximal to sensor. Has voltage-gated channels in it. If they open, AP is created.

A

trigger zone

41
Q

how do action potentials travel

A

active and passive propagation

42
Q

period of time where no new action potentials can be created at that spot

A

absolute

43
Q

period of time where a new action potential can be created at that spot but only if there is a large stimulus

A

relative

44
Q

a period of time where no new action potential can be created at that spot. Ensures the one-way travel of signals.

A

refractory period

45
Q

auto-immune attack on Schwann cells (PNS cell myelinators). Can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic peripheral neurons.

A

Guillain-Barre

46
Q

auto-immune attack on oligodendrocytes (CNS cell myelinators). Can affect sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons. Typically lose function, neuroinflammation goes away and they can function again. Relapse/remit pattern.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

47
Q

type of glia found in the CNS. Have a phagocytic function in injury, destruction of aging neurons, may have started as immune system cells during development, and abnormal activation may contribute to brain disease

A

microglia

48
Q

most common type of brain tumor. Tumor creates ischemia. Most common location is in the frontal lobe.

A

astrocytoma

49
Q

macroglia cell that provides myelin insulation in the PNS. Has phagocytic function in injury

A

Schwann cell

50
Q

macroglia cell that provides myelin insulation in CNS. One to many insulation.

A

Oligodendrocyte

51
Q

macroglia cell that is in charge of cell signaling, scavenger function, connecting neurons and capillaries, and provide the pathway for migrating neurons in development

A

Astrocyte

52
Q

pathology associated with synaptic transmission of acetylcholine

A

myasthenia gravis

53
Q

pathology associated with synaptic transmission of serotonin

A

depression

54
Q

end of the axon before the synapse

A

presynaptic terminal

55
Q

ligand released from terminal

A

neurotransmitter

56
Q

type of channel on the post-synaptic membrane

A

ligand-gated

57
Q

space between axon and dendrite (presynaptic and postsynaptic)

A

synaptic cleft

58
Q

the very last voltage-gated channels let what ion in during synaptic signaling

A

calcium

59
Q

what does calcium do during synaptic signaling

A

moves ligand to the end of the axon

60
Q

function of glia

A

provide structure for neural cells
may assist with transmission of information
May assist with regulation of extracellular fluid
possible role in pathogenesis

61
Q

when one axon splits into many branches and sends messages to many different target neurons

A

divergence

62
Q

when there are many inputs coming to one neuron

A

convergence

63
Q

how do you typically name pathways

A

origin + termination

64
Q

how does your brain know strength

A

number of action potentials

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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