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Neuroscience > Ch.1 > Flashcards

Ch.1 Flashcards

1
Q

approach that investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function

A

molecular neuroscience

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2
Q

approach that considers distinctions between different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions

A

cellular neuroscience

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3
Q

approach that investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function

A

systems neuroscience

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4
Q

approach that looks at the interactions among systems that influence behavior

A

behavioral neuroscience

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5
Q

approach that covers the fields of thinking, learning, and memory

A

cognitive neuroscience

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6
Q

Name the two general types of cells that make up the human nervous system

A
  1. neurons 2. glia
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7
Q

neurons that convey information into the CNS. Information moves from peripheral receptors to CNS.

A

afferent neurons

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8
Q

neurons that transmit information from the CNS to peripheral structures.

A

efferent neurons

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9
Q

neurons that connect only with other neurons

A

interneurons

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10
Q

nervous system that is encased in the vertebral column and skull, includes the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum, and cerebral regions

A

central nervous system

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11
Q

consists of all parts of the nervous system that are not encased in the vertebral column or skull. Includes the median, ulnar, sciatic, and cranial nerves, which are groups of axons

A

peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

composed primarily of unmyelinated neuron cell bodies. Where information is integrated.

A

gray matter

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13
Q

composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body, and myelin, an insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons. Where information is conveyed.

A

white matter

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14
Q

Identify the 31 segments of the spinal cord

A

C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, C1

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15
Q

function of the reptilian brain

A

gross movements, day-to-day survival, vital signs, autonomic control

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16
Q

function of the limbic system

A

“survival of the species” fight, flee, feed, reproduce

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17
Q

function of the neocortex

A

higher level thinking and reasoning, fine movements, and socially appropriate behavior

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18
Q

what is a tract/lemniscus/fasiculus/column/peduncle/capsule?

A

bundle of white matter (myelinated neuron processes)

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19
Q

what is a ganglion/nucleus/horn?

A

bundle of gray matter

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20
Q

what type of function is the ventral horn associated with?

A

motor function

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21
Q

what type of function is the dorsal horn associated with?

A

sensory function

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22
Q

what type of function is the lateral horn associated with?

A

autonomic function

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23
Q

region where the spinal cord is located inside the bony spinal column (vertebrae)

A

spinal region

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24
Q

what is a collection of spinal processes that attach to the spinal cord and “bloom” away from the spinal cord in the body

A

spinal root

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25
Q

what type of function do the ventral root axons have?

A

motor function

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26
Q

what type of function do the dorsal root axons have?

A

sensory function

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27
Q

the dorsal root and ventral root come together to make what (the one place where the sensory and motor neurons come together)

A

spinal nerve

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28
Q

what are the three rami that branch from the spinal nerve

A

dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, communicating ramus

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29
Q

what type of function is associated with the dorsal ramus

A

sensory, motor, and autonomic

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30
Q

what type of function is associated with the ventral ramus

A

sensory, motor, and autonomic

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31
Q

what type of function is associated with the communicating rams

A

autonomic

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32
Q

two main spinal cord functions

A

transmission and processing of information

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33
Q

where does transmission take place

A

up and down along an axon in the columns

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34
Q

where does processing take place

A

at the junction of neurons

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35
Q

what 3 parts make up the brainstem in order from most caudal to least

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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36
Q

what cranial nerves are found in the medulla

A 
IX	Glossopharyngeal	(swallowing, salivation, and taste) 
X	Vagus (regulates viscera, swallowing, speech, and taste)
XI	Accessory (elevates shoulders, turns head)
XII	Hypoglossal (moves tongue)
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37
Q

where are the pyramids located and what type of function do they have

A

anterior medulla. motor function.

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38
Q

what cranial nerves are found in the pons

A 
V 	Trigeminal  (facial sensation, chewing, sensation from temporomandibular joint)
VI 	Abducens  (abducts pupil of the eye)
VII	Facial (facial expression, closes eyes, tears, salivation, and taste)
VIII	Vestibulocochlear	(sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement: hearing)
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39
Q

where is the pons located and what type of function does it have

A

anterior medulla. motor function.

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40
Q

how does the pons communicate with the cerebellum/why does it stick out

A

it contains cell bodies that carry your movement plan back to the cerebellum (what you plan to do)

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41
Q

what cranial nerves are found in the midbrain

A 
III 	Oculomotor (moves pupil of the eye up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil) 
IV 	Trochlear (moves pupil of the eye medially and down)
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42
Q

where are the cerebral peduncles located/what type of function

A

anterior midbrain. motor function.

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43
Q

where are the colliculi located/what type of function

A

posterior midbrain. sensory function

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44
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain

A

aid vision

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45
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain

A

aid hearing

46
Q

what is the cerebellum known as

A

organ of coordination

47
Q

what is the function of the hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

controls the extremities

48
Q

what is the function of the vermis of the cerebellum

A

controls the middle of the body

49
Q

what are the cerebellar peduncles

A

collection of white matter that holds the cerebellum to the back of the brain stem

50
Q

looking at the cerebrum, are the thalami more anterior or posterior than the basal ganglia

A

posterior (sensory function with a pathway from face to brain)

51
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies (gray matter) at the base of the brain that help you decide and plan motor movements

52
Q

a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.

A

gyrus

53
Q

a groove on the surface of the brain

A

sulcus

54
Q

deep groove in the brain

A

fissure

55
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

executive function (problem solving/planning) and motor

56
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory

57
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

memory and auditory

58
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

vision

59
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe

A

emotions and memory

60
Q

what is the function of the central sulcus

A

separates the sensory and motor functions as well as the frontal from parietal lobes

61
Q

what is the function of the lateral sulcus

A

separates the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes

62
Q

what is the function of the cingulate sulcus

A

separates the limbic lobe from everything else

63
Q

what is the function of the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

64
Q

what is the location of the pre central gyrus in relation to the central sulcus/what type of function

A

anterior. motor function (sends the final message of how to move to the rest of your body)

65
Q

what is the location of the post central gyrus in relation to the central sulcus/what type of function

A

posterior. somatosensory function (begins process of making meaning out of signals it receives from the body)

66
Q

what is the function of the corpus collosum

A

it connects the L and R hemispheres.

67
Q

what two ways does the CSF system support and protect neurons

A

mechanically cushions and chemically buffers neurons

68
Q

water-filled cavity inside the brain

A

ventricle

69
Q

where is the connection of the (2) lateral ventricles

A

toward midline. They leak into the 3rd ventricle by way of the inter ventricular foramen

70
Q

where is the third ventricle located, what does it cushion, and where does it leak into

A

behind nose at midline, base of the brain, leaks down toward cerebellum to the cerebral aqueduct, and finally to the 4th ventricle

71
Q

where is the fourth ventricle

A

between the brainstem and cerebellum

72
Q

what are the 4 ventricles (water balloons) inside the brain

A

(2) lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and 4th ventricle

73
Q

What are the three meninges that make up the giant ventricle (water balloon) outside the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

74
Q

tough, fibrous, protective outer covering of the brain and spinal cord. Closely applied to bone.

A

dura mater

75
Q

tough inner-dura that goes in-between the 2 hemispheres from front to back. Internally cushions left from right.

A

falx cerebri

76
Q

tough inner-dura that goes in-between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum at the back of the brain to cushion it

A

tentorium cerebelli

77
Q

Fluid-filled spaces where the inner dura has peeled away from the outer

A

dural sinuses

78
Q

pokes up through the inner dura into the sinus

A

arachnoid villi

79
Q

rough clusters found at the end of the villi

A

arachnoid granulations

80
Q

underneath the arachnoid mater. Space full of web-like tissue projections that connect the arachnoid mater to the pia mater. It’s where CSF flows around the brain and around the spinal cord. Creates external ”water balloon” around brain and SC.

A

subarachnoid space

81
Q

thin, soft layer of meninges that lays right on top of brain tissue.

A

pia mater

82
Q

what is the internal fluid flow of the CSF

A

heart, choroid plexus, 1st and 2nd ventricle, interventricular foramina, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, median and lateral apertures

83
Q

Bundle of capillaries that are really thin and not tightly junctioned. Let fluid leak out but they keep all the formed elements (like blood cells) in. Aka leaky capillaries. Strains blood to create CSF

A

choroid plexus

84
Q

below the 4th ventricle. Leak into subarachnoid space.

A

median and lateral aperatures

85
Q

what is the external fluid flow of the CSF

A

subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, arachnoid granulations, dural sinuses, jugular veins, heart

86
Q

normally mechanically cushions and chemically protects the CNS but can be a conduate for infection

A

meningeal system

87
Q

arteries that follow spinal nerves away from spinal cord. Form part of blood supply that follows peripheral nerves.

A

segmental arteries

88
Q

artery that comes up the midline of the spinal cord and covers front 2/3

A

anterior spinal artery

89
Q

artery that covers posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

A

posterior spinal artery

90
Q

vertebrobasilar blood supply flow

A

vertebral, posterior inferior cerebellar, basilar, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral

91
Q

what areas does the vertebrobasilar (posterior) blood supply cover

A

occipital lobe, brain stem, cerebellum, and part of the temporal lobe

92
Q

more packed with cells than any other part of the brain

A

cerebellum

93
Q

what 3 branches of the posterior blood supply branch to the cerebellum

A

posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, and superior cerebellar arteries

94
Q

what 3 branches of the vertebrobasilar (posterior) blood supply branch to the cerebellum

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and superior cerebellar

95
Q

provides blood to the pons

A

basilar artery

96
Q

branch of the basilar artery that goes to the bottom, front of the cerebellum

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

97
Q

branch of the basilar artery that provides blood to the superior cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar artery

98
Q

top branch of the posterior blood supply where the basilar splits to the L and R hemisphere of the occipital lobe

A

posterior cerebral

99
Q

top branch of the posterior blood supply where the basilar splits at the top of the pons. Supplies blood to the occipital lobe and bottom of temporal lobe

A

posterior cerebral artery

100
Q

what lobes are involved with the anterior circulation

A

parietal, frontal, and most of temporal

101
Q

how does the anterior blood supply get from the heart to the brain

A

internal carotid arteries

102
Q

provides blood to the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes

A

anterior cerebral artery

103
Q

provides blood to the lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

A

middle cerebral artery

104
Q

network of blood vessels that connects blood supply to the brain the anterior to posterior and left to right side.

A

Circle of Willis

105
Q

artery that connects the L side and R side of the anterior circulation

A

anterior communicating artery

106
Q

artery that travels from the internal carotid back to the posterior cerebral. Connects front to back. Connects the anterior circulation of the internal carotid with the posterior circulation of the vertebrobasilar

A

posterior communicating artery

107
Q

deep penetrating small arteries that feed both the basal ganglia and some of the thalamus. Give off a few branches into the ventricles to form the choroid plexus.

A

choroidal arteries

108
Q

deep arteries that primarily supply the basal ganglia

A

striate arteries

109
Q

sinus at the top of the longitudinal fissure at the midline of the 2 hemispheres

A

superior sagittal sinus

110
Q

sinus at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure at the midline of the 2 hemispheres

A

inferior sagittal sinus

111
Q

sinus that travels from midline at the back of the skull and wrap around back of head to the ear. After it has wrapped over to ear, the transverse sinus, they dump into 2 internal jugular veins (L and R).

A

transverse sinus

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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