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Neuroscience > Ch. 3-6 > Flashcards

Ch. 3-6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the final step in synaptic transmission

A

clear the synapse and re-set

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2
Q

Little pores in the axon that vaccum back up the neurotransmitter. Helps get everything ready for the next signal

A

re-uptake transporter

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3
Q

disassemble neurotransmitter to clear synapse space

A

enzymes

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4
Q

synapse from axon to soma

A

axosomatic

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5
Q

synapse from axon to dendrite

A

axodendritic

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6
Q

synapse from one axon to another axon

A

axoaxonic

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7
Q

2 kinds of potentials that can happen on the postsynaptic (receiving) membrane

A

EPSP and IPSP

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8
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential. Depolarizing. Na+ or Ca++ into cell. “Facilitation” of nerve communication

A

EPSP

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9
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Hyperpolarizing. Cl- into cell. “Inhibition” of nerve communication

A

IPSP

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10
Q

2 types of presynaptic potentials

A

presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition

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11
Q

causes an enhancement of Ca++ influx and facilitates neurotransmitter release

A

presynaptic facillitation

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12
Q

causes a reduction of Ca++ influx and inhibits neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic inhibition

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13
Q

modality that operates on the presynaptic inhibition principle

A

TENS unit

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14
Q

what causes an IPSP

A

hyperpolarization, Cl- coming into cell, a ligand channel that lets Cl- in

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15
Q

Where is a neurotransmitter released

A

into synaptic cleft

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16
Q

What does a neurotransmitter act upon

A

synaptic receptors

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17
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

fast acting, slow acting

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18
Q

what type of effect does a fast acting neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane

A

direct, quick, short-lived response

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19
Q

what type of effect does a slow acting neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane

A

indirect (from inside cell), slow, longer-lived response (tends to stay open longer)

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20
Q

what makes a neurotransmitter fast or slow acting

A

the type of receptor it binds to

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21
Q

a substance, other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, altering their activities. CAN AFFECT MANY NEURONS

A

neuromodulator

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22
Q

where does a neuromodulator act

A

at a distance from the synaptic cleft

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23
Q

what type of onset does a neuromodulator have

A

slow, longer response

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24
Q

BIG 3 IMPORTANT LIGANDS

A

Acetylcholine, Glutamate, and GABA

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25
Q

Neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction. Excitatory ligand that is fast acting at the PNS

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Most prevalent fast acting excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS (can also be slow acting)

A

Glutamate

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27
Q

Most prevalent fast acting inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS (can also be slow acting)

A

GABA

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28
Q

3 kinds of synaptic receptors

A

directly open ion channels (fast), indirectly open ion channels (slow), and activate intracellular events (slow )

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29
Q

how does a synaptic receptor indirectly open an ion channel

A

neurotransmitter binds to receptor and energizes G protein, a piece of the G protein breaks off and opens the gate from the inside and holds it open as long as it as energy

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30
Q

how the second messenger system works (synaptic receptor that activates intracellular events)

A

ligand (first messenger) binds to G-protein receptor, G-protein is activated. G-protein turns on the machine and produces a product (second messenger) that affects the cell function from the inside

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31
Q

receptor protein is pulled down inside the cell and the membrane is closed over it to inactivate it

A

internalization

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32
Q

receptor protein stays in the membrane but gets denatured so it no longer can do what it used to do

A

inactivation

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33
Q

receptor protein is brought to the surface of the membrane

A

externalization

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34
Q

ligands which are not released by the presynaptic terminal but still bind post synaptic receptors and cause action on the postsynaptic membrane

A

agonist

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35
Q

example of an agonist

A

nicotine

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36
Q

on or ligand that diminishes the effect of a neurotransmitter at a synapse

A

antagonist

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37
Q

2 ways an antagonist reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter

A
  1. preventing it from getting out 2. blocking it’s receptors
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38
Q

example of an antagonist

A

Botox

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39
Q

how does Botox work

A

acts at the presynaptic terminal by inactivating the calcium channels on the presynaptic terminal so calcium can’t get in and neurotransmitter doesn’t get shoved out. Muscle won’t contract

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40
Q

pathology associated with acetylcholine receptors where they have trouble contracting and sustaining a muscle contraction

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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41
Q

What is 1 tx of MG

A

prescription drug that contains an anti cholinesterase that “turns off” the esterase (things that eat Ach) in order to prolong the time the Ach is in the synaptic cleft. Increase the chances that Ach will bind to a receptor. Promotes stronger, longer muscle contractions

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42
Q

drug that turns off the re-uptake transporter, keeping serotonin in the synapse and increasing the chances it will bind and cause an effect on the post synaptic membrane

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

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43
Q

a decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus

A

habituation

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44
Q

short term habituation of the nervous system

A

not releasing as much neurotransmitter so you get less of a response

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45
Q

long term habituation of the nervous system

A

internalize receptors on the post synaptic membrane

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46
Q

2 ways you can turn down the response of a repeated, benign stimulus

A

short term and long term habituation

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47
Q

Example of how you can use habituation by creating a systematic program of touch

A

tactile defensiveness

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48
Q

Example of how you can use habituation by creating a program of head movements

A

vestibular disorders

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49
Q

Long-term change in the synapse that makes signaling stronger

A

LTP long-term potentiation

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50
Q

The extension of habituation. Structural change at the synapse that turns down the signaling. It’s an adaptation or conversion of silent synapses.

A

LTD long-term depression

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51
Q

The foundation of declarative learning and procedural learning

A

long-term potentiation

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52
Q

turning down the strength of synaptic connections

A

long term depression

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53
Q

importance of astrocytes

A

Can store and release both calcium and glutamate, which are essential for remodeling the synapse

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54
Q

how does cellular recovery occur after axonal injury in the periphery (2 ways nervous system tries to repair itself in the peripheral )

A

collateral sprouting and regenerative sprouting

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55
Q

intact surviving neurons send out a new branch to innervate target tissue that have lost their innervation

A

collateral sprouting

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56
Q

Where the intact end (proximal end) of a neuron regrows where it used to be

A

regenerative sprouting

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57
Q

if regenerative sprouting doesn’t work, what happens

A

collateral sprouting

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58
Q

tissue that is currently just asleep surrounding dead tissue. Can wake up and return function.

A

penumbra

59
Q

how does cellular recovery occur after axonal injury in the CNS

A

return of synaptic effectiveness, denervation hypersensitivity, synaptic hypereffectiveness, and unmasking of silent synapses

60
Q

process that allows the penumbra to wake back up. Compressed neuron falls asleep, removing the compression causes it to wake back up

A

return of synaptic effectivenss

61
Q

when a neuron’s input goes away, it tries to remodel itself with more channels in the membrane to get a signal back.

A

denervation hypersensitivity

62
Q

a neuron that loses some of it’s axon branches sends extra neurotransmitter to the branches that survive.

A

synaptic hypereffectiveness

63
Q

Neurons that have either died or are under stress tend to leak

A

glutamate

64
Q

Excitotoxicity Process

A

Dead or damaged cell releases a flood of glutamate
Flood of glutamate lets in flood of calcium that can kill a cell by lowering ph, eating up cellular proteins, creating oxygen free radicals, or causing the cell to swell

65
Q

Why is it important to restore blood flow after CVA

A

So that cells that are just damaged don’t become excitotoxic

66
Q

the degeneration of axon and myelin distal to the point of cell death. Typically takes about 2 weeks to complete

A

Wallerian degeneration

67
Q

stages of development

A

pre-embryonic stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage

68
Q

when is the pre-embryonic stage

A

conception to 2nd week

69
Q

when is the embryonic stage

A

2nd week to 8th week

70
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into

A

sensory organs, epidermis, and nervous system

71
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into

A

dermis, muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system

72
Q

what does the endoderm develop into

A

gut, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system

73
Q

when is the fetal stage

A

8th week to birth

74
Q

When is neural tube formation

A

days 18-26

75
Q

last section of neural tube to close at the rostral end

A

superior neuropore

76
Q

last section of neural tube to close up at the caudal end

A

inferior neuropore

77
Q

what does the neural tube develop into

A

spinal cord, brainstem, and brain

78
Q

what type of cells does the neural crest contain

A

pseudounipoloar

79
Q

inner layer of the neural tube that contains ALL cell bodies (gray matter)

A

mantle layer

80
Q

outer layer of the neural tube that contains axons (white matter)

A

marginal layer

81
Q

bundle of cells that differentiate and grow into skin, muscles, and skeleton

A

somite

82
Q

3 pieces of a somite

A

sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome

83
Q

dermatome becomes

A

skin (but not the epidermis)

84
Q

sclerotome becomes

A

skeleton

85
Q

myotome becomes

A

skeletal muscle

86
Q

part of neural tube that contains cells that are going to connect to the myotome of the somite

A

motor plate

87
Q

how do we end up with 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

neural cells cluster next to the 31 pairs of somites

88
Q

in the developed adult, all muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

myotome

89
Q

every muscle in your body is innervated by

A

at least 2 spinal levels

90
Q

in the developed adult, dermis innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

dermatome

91
Q

where does the spinal cord approximately end

A

L1

92
Q

what does the bottom of our spinal column contain

A

axons

93
Q

everything rostral to the midbrain. Thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

A

Forebrain

94
Q

“Gray” matter is in the ____ ring of neural tube, but ____ layer of cerebral and cerebellar cortex

A

inner, outer

95
Q

When do neurons differentiate

A

after reaching final location

96
Q

what does a growth cone do during cellular remodeling

A

helps guide the axon to the cell that needs a connection

97
Q

Motor neuron that is white, glycolytic, high tension.

In development, it’s the neuron that drives what the muscle fiber does

A

fast motor neuron

98
Q

motor neuron that is smaller, less heavily myelinated, and aerobic (use oxygen for metabolism)

A

slow motor neuron

99
Q

when does myelination begin and end

A

begins the 4th fetal month. ends at 3 years of age

100
Q

4 modalities of somatosensation

A

discriminative touch, coarse touch, proprioception, and pain and temperature

101
Q

modality of somatosensation where you know where something is touching you and can describe the characteristics of that touch

A

discriminative touch

102
Q

modality of somatosensation where you know you’re being touched but can’t locate it well or describe characteristics of it

A

coarse touch

103
Q

modality of somatosensation where you know where you’re body is in space and how your body is moving in space

A

proprioception

104
Q

the raw modality of touch. Being able to describe or locate touch

A

sensation

105
Q

making meaning out of raw sensation

A

perception

106
Q

what are the 3 different destination for sensation

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and limbic and autonomic areas

107
Q

area where every sensation involving CONSCIOUS awareness goes. Goes to parietal lobe. Ex. joint position testing

A

cerebral cortex

108
Q

area of UNCONSCIOUS sensation. Automatic correction of posture and movement (+ other).

A

cerebellum

109
Q

destination of sensation that helps modulate emotional and autonomic responses to sensation

A

limbic and autonomic responses

110
Q

specialized receptor that let ions in in response to mechanical stimulation like touch, stretch, pressure, vibration, etc. Mechanical touch will open modality-gated channels

A

mechanoreceptor

111
Q

specialized receptors that open in response to chemicals

A

chemoreceptor

112
Q

specialized receptors that open in response to temperature.

A

thermoreceptor

113
Q

2 types of mechanoreceptors

A

tonic and phasic receptors

114
Q

type of mechanoreceptor that responds when a touch is initially applied. Continue to respond if touch is maintained

A

tonic receptors (slow adapting)

115
Q

type of mechanoreceptor that signals when the touch changes but not when it’s maintained

A

phasic receptors (fast adapting)

116
Q

type of mechanoreceptor that signals when the touch changes but not when it’s maintained

A

phasic receptors (fast adapting)

117
Q

piece of skin that is innervated by one sensory axon

A

receptive field

118
Q

parts of body that explore the environment (hands, face, feet) we have ___ receptive fields

A

smaller

119
Q

Smaller receptive fields = ____ degree of discrimination and ___ axons

A

higher, more

120
Q

closer to the surface of the skin, receptive fields are ____

A

smaller

121
Q

At the surface of the skin, we can transduce what 4 things

A

touch, vibration, pressure, and hair movement

122
Q

Deep in the skin, we can transduce what 3 things

A

touch, vibration, and stretch

123
Q

group of axons that allow us to feel light touch on the skin

A

A-beta

124
Q

Specialized sensory receptors in muscle

Tells you how much muscle is being stretched (length) and how fast the stretch is changing

A

muscle spindles

125
Q

muscle spindles are ____ in shape

A

fusiform

126
Q

1a tells you ___

A

length and rate of change of length

127
Q

II tells you

A

length only

128
Q

where do spindles send signals

A

brain and directly to A-alphas (motor neurons in spinal cord)

129
Q

Contract intrafusal muscle

Keep spindle sensitive to stretch throughout movement

A

A-gamma

130
Q

Contract extrafusal muscle

Shorten overall muscle

A

A-alpha

131
Q

Sense “tension” in a tendon whether it’s active contraction or passive stretch. Send signals on 1b sensory neurons

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

132
Q

what do specialized capsule receptors sense in joints

A

position and movement of joint

133
Q

what do ligament receptors sense

A

tension on the joint

134
Q

what do free nerve endings sense

A

pain/inflammation of joint

135
Q

pathways that have a great degree of body mapping

A

high fidelity pathways

136
Q

pathways that help mobilize the autonomic and emotional responses to pain

A

divergent

137
Q

carry proprioception messages to cerebellum

A

unconscious relay

138
Q

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway is a pathway that tells us

A

conscious touch and proprioception

139
Q

Order the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway

A

1st order: sensory receptors to caudal medulla
2nd order: caudal medulla (crosses) to thalamus
3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex

140
Q

Spinothalamic pathway is a pathway that tells us

A

conscious discriminative pain and temperature

141
Q

Order the spinothalamic pathway

A

1st order: free nerve endings to dorsal horn
2nd order: dorsal horn crosses to thalamus
3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex

142
Q

what does the spinoreticular pathway (divergent) do

A

adjusts your arousal in response to pain

143
Q

what does the spinomesencephalic pathway (divergent) do

A

helps you orient to pain

144
Q

what does the spinolimbic pathway (divergent) do

A

adjusts autonomic/emotional responses to pain

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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