Ch. 3-6 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
what is the final step in synaptic transmission
A
clear the synapse and re-set
2
Q
Little pores in the axon that vaccum back up the neurotransmitter. Helps get everything ready for the next signal
A
re-uptake transporter
3
Q
disassemble neurotransmitter to clear synapse space
A
enzymes
4
Q
synapse from axon to soma
A
axosomatic
5
Q
synapse from axon to dendrite
A
axodendritic
6
Q
synapse from one axon to another axon
A
axoaxonic
7
Q
2 kinds of potentials that can happen on the postsynaptic (receiving) membrane
A
EPSP and IPSP
8
Q
excitatory postsynaptic potential. Depolarizing. Na+ or Ca++ into cell. “Facilitation” of nerve communication
A
EPSP
9
Q
inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Hyperpolarizing. Cl- into cell. “Inhibition” of nerve communication
A
IPSP
10
Q
2 types of presynaptic potentials
A
presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition
11
Q
causes an enhancement of Ca++ influx and facilitates neurotransmitter release
A
presynaptic facillitation
12
Q
causes a reduction of Ca++ influx and inhibits neurotransmitter
A
presynaptic inhibition
13
Q
modality that operates on the presynaptic inhibition principle
A
TENS unit
14
Q
what causes an IPSP
A
hyperpolarization, Cl- coming into cell, a ligand channel that lets Cl- in
15
Q
Where is a neurotransmitter released
A
into synaptic cleft
16
Q
What does a neurotransmitter act upon
A
synaptic receptors
17
Q
Types of neurotransmitters
A
fast acting, slow acting
18
Q
what type of effect does a fast acting neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane
A
direct, quick, short-lived response
19
Q
what type of effect does a slow acting neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane
A
indirect (from inside cell), slow, longer-lived response (tends to stay open longer)
20
Q
what makes a neurotransmitter fast or slow acting
A
the type of receptor it binds to
21
Q
a substance, other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, altering their activities. CAN AFFECT MANY NEURONS
A
neuromodulator
22
Q
where does a neuromodulator act
A
at a distance from the synaptic cleft
23
Q
what type of onset does a neuromodulator have
A
slow, longer response
24
Q
BIG 3 IMPORTANT LIGANDS
A
Acetylcholine, Glutamate, and GABA
25
Neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction. Excitatory ligand that is fast acting at the PNS
Acetylcholine
26
Most prevalent fast acting excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS (can also be slow acting)
Glutamate
27
Most prevalent fast acting inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS (can also be slow acting)
GABA
28
3 kinds of synaptic receptors
directly open ion channels (fast), indirectly open ion channels (slow), and activate intracellular events (slow )
29
how does a synaptic receptor indirectly open an ion channel
neurotransmitter binds to receptor and energizes G protein, a piece of the G protein breaks off and opens the gate from the inside and holds it open as long as it as energy
30
how the second messenger system works (synaptic receptor that activates intracellular events)
ligand (first messenger) binds to G-protein receptor, G-protein is activated. G-protein turns on the machine and produces a product (second messenger) that affects the cell function from the inside
31
receptor protein is pulled down inside the cell and the membrane is closed over it to inactivate it
internalization
32
receptor protein stays in the membrane but gets denatured so it no longer can do what it used to do
inactivation
33
receptor protein is brought to the surface of the membrane
externalization
34
ligands which are not released by the presynaptic terminal but still bind post synaptic receptors and cause action on the postsynaptic membrane
agonist
35
example of an agonist
nicotine
36
on or ligand that diminishes the effect of a neurotransmitter at a synapse
antagonist
37
2 ways an antagonist reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter
1. preventing it from getting out 2. blocking it's receptors
38
example of an antagonist
Botox
39
how does Botox work
acts at the presynaptic terminal by inactivating the calcium channels on the presynaptic terminal so calcium can’t get in and neurotransmitter doesn’t get shoved out. Muscle won’t contract
40
pathology associated with acetylcholine receptors where they have trouble contracting and sustaining a muscle contraction
Myasthenia Gravis
41
What is 1 tx of MG
prescription drug that contains an anti cholinesterase that "turns off" the esterase (things that eat Ach) in order to prolong the time the Ach is in the synaptic cleft. Increase the chances that Ach will bind to a receptor. Promotes stronger, longer muscle contractions
42
drug that turns off the re-uptake transporter, keeping serotonin in the synapse and increasing the chances it will bind and cause an effect on the post synaptic membrane
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
43
a decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus
habituation
44
short term habituation of the nervous system
not releasing as much neurotransmitter so you get less of a response
45
long term habituation of the nervous system
internalize receptors on the post synaptic membrane
46
2 ways you can turn down the response of a repeated, benign stimulus
short term and long term habituation
47
Example of how you can use habituation by creating a systematic program of touch
tactile defensiveness
48
Example of how you can use habituation by creating a program of head movements
vestibular disorders
49
Long-term change in the synapse that makes signaling stronger
LTP long-term potentiation
50
The extension of habituation. Structural change at the synapse that turns down the signaling. It's an adaptation or conversion of silent synapses.
LTD long-term depression
51
The foundation of declarative learning and procedural learning
long-term potentiation
52
turning down the strength of synaptic connections
long term depression
53
importance of astrocytes
Can store and release both calcium and glutamate, which are essential for remodeling the synapse
54
how does cellular recovery occur after axonal injury in the periphery (2 ways nervous system tries to repair itself in the peripheral )
collateral sprouting and regenerative sprouting
55
intact surviving neurons send out a new branch to innervate target tissue that have lost their innervation
collateral sprouting
56
Where the intact end (proximal end) of a neuron regrows where it used to be
regenerative sprouting
57
if regenerative sprouting doesn't work, what happens
collateral sprouting
58
tissue that is currently just asleep surrounding dead tissue. Can wake up and return function.
penumbra
59
how does cellular recovery occur after axonal injury in the CNS
return of synaptic effectiveness, denervation hypersensitivity, synaptic hypereffectiveness, and unmasking of silent synapses
60
process that allows the penumbra to wake back up. Compressed neuron falls asleep, removing the compression causes it to wake back up
return of synaptic effectivenss
61
when a neuron’s input goes away, it tries to remodel itself with more channels in the membrane to get a signal back.
denervation hypersensitivity
62
a neuron that loses some of it’s axon branches sends extra neurotransmitter to the branches that survive.
synaptic hypereffectiveness
63
Neurons that have either died or are under stress tend to leak
glutamate
64
Excitotoxicity Process
Dead or damaged cell releases a flood of glutamate
Flood of glutamate lets in flood of calcium that can kill a cell by lowering ph, eating up cellular proteins, creating oxygen free radicals, or causing the cell to swell
65
Why is it important to restore blood flow after CVA
So that cells that are just damaged don't become excitotoxic
66
the degeneration of axon and myelin distal to the point of cell death. Typically takes about 2 weeks to complete
Wallerian degeneration
67
stages of development
pre-embryonic stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage
68
when is the pre-embryonic stage
conception to 2nd week
69
when is the embryonic stage
2nd week to 8th week
70
what does the ectoderm develop into
sensory organs, epidermis, and nervous system
71
what does the mesoderm develop into
dermis, muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system
72
what does the endoderm develop into
gut, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system
73
when is the fetal stage
8th week to birth
74
When is neural tube formation
days 18-26
75
last section of neural tube to close at the rostral end
superior neuropore
76
last section of neural tube to close up at the caudal end
inferior neuropore
77
what does the neural tube develop into
spinal cord, brainstem, and brain
78
what type of cells does the neural crest contain
pseudounipoloar
79
inner layer of the neural tube that contains ALL cell bodies (gray matter)
mantle layer
80
outer layer of the neural tube that contains axons (white matter)
marginal layer
81
bundle of cells that differentiate and grow into skin, muscles, and skeleton
somite
82
3 pieces of a somite
sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome
83
dermatome becomes
skin (but not the epidermis)
84
sclerotome becomes
skeleton
85
myotome becomes
skeletal muscle
86
part of neural tube that contains cells that are going to connect to the myotome of the somite
motor plate
87
how do we end up with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
neural cells cluster next to the 31 pairs of somites
88
in the developed adult, all muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
myotome
89
every muscle in your body is innervated by
at least 2 spinal levels
90
in the developed adult, dermis innervated by a single spinal nerve
dermatome
91
where does the spinal cord approximately end
L1
92
what does the bottom of our spinal column contain
axons
93
everything rostral to the midbrain. Thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
Forebrain
94
“Gray” matter is in the ____ ring of neural tube, but ____ layer of cerebral and cerebellar cortex
inner, outer
95
When do neurons differentiate
after reaching final location
96
what does a growth cone do during cellular remodeling
helps guide the axon to the cell that needs a connection
97
Motor neuron that is white, glycolytic, high tension.
| In development, it’s the neuron that drives what the muscle fiber does
fast motor neuron
98
motor neuron that is smaller, less heavily myelinated, and aerobic (use oxygen for metabolism)
slow motor neuron
99
when does myelination begin and end
begins the 4th fetal month. ends at 3 years of age
100
4 modalities of somatosensation
discriminative touch, coarse touch, proprioception, and pain and temperature
101
modality of somatosensation where you know where something is touching you and can describe the characteristics of that touch
discriminative touch
102
modality of somatosensation where you know you’re being touched but can’t locate it well or describe characteristics of it
coarse touch
103
modality of somatosensation where you know where you’re body is in space and how your body is moving in space
proprioception
104
the raw modality of touch. Being able to describe or locate touch
sensation
105
making meaning out of raw sensation
perception
106
what are the 3 different destination for sensation
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and limbic and autonomic areas
107
area where every sensation involving CONSCIOUS awareness goes. Goes to parietal lobe. Ex. joint position testing
cerebral cortex
108
area of UNCONSCIOUS sensation. Automatic correction of posture and movement (+ other).
cerebellum
109
destination of sensation that helps modulate emotional and autonomic responses to sensation
limbic and autonomic responses
110
specialized receptor that let ions in in response to mechanical stimulation like touch, stretch, pressure, vibration, etc. Mechanical touch will open modality-gated channels
mechanoreceptor
111
specialized receptors that open in response to chemicals
chemoreceptor
112
specialized receptors that open in response to temperature.
thermoreceptor
113
2 types of mechanoreceptors
tonic and phasic receptors
114
type of mechanoreceptor that responds when a touch is initially applied. Continue to respond if touch is maintained
tonic receptors (slow adapting)
115
type of mechanoreceptor that signals when the touch changes but not when it’s maintained
phasic receptors (fast adapting)
116
type of mechanoreceptor that signals when the touch changes but not when it’s maintained
phasic receptors (fast adapting)
117
piece of skin that is innervated by one sensory axon
receptive field
118
parts of body that explore the environment (hands, face, feet) we have ___ receptive fields
smaller
119
Smaller receptive fields = ____ degree of discrimination and ___ axons
higher, more
120
closer to the surface of the skin, receptive fields are ____
smaller
121
At the surface of the skin, we can transduce what 4 things
touch, vibration, pressure, and hair movement
122
Deep in the skin, we can transduce what 3 things
touch, vibration, and stretch
123
group of axons that allow us to feel light touch on the skin
A-beta
124
Specialized sensory receptors in muscle
| Tells you how much muscle is being stretched (length) and how fast the stretch is changing
muscle spindles
125
muscle spindles are ____ in shape
fusiform
126
1a tells you ___
length and rate of change of length
127
II tells you
length only
128
where do spindles send signals
brain and directly to A-alphas (motor neurons in spinal cord)
129
Contract intrafusal muscle
| Keep spindle sensitive to stretch throughout movement
A-gamma
130
Contract extrafusal muscle
| Shorten overall muscle
A-alpha
131
Sense “tension” in a tendon whether it's active contraction or passive stretch. Send signals on 1b sensory neurons
Golgi Tendon Organs
132
what do specialized capsule receptors sense in joints
position and movement of joint
133
what do ligament receptors sense
tension on the joint
134
what do free nerve endings sense
pain/inflammation of joint
135
pathways that have a great degree of body mapping
high fidelity pathways
136
pathways that help mobilize the autonomic and emotional responses to pain
divergent
137
carry proprioception messages to cerebellum
unconscious relay
138
Dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway is a pathway that tells us
conscious touch and proprioception
139
Order the dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway
1st order: sensory receptors to caudal medulla
2nd order: caudal medulla (crosses) to thalamus
3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex
140
Spinothalamic pathway is a pathway that tells us
conscious discriminative pain and temperature
141
Order the spinothalamic pathway
1st order: free nerve endings to dorsal horn
2nd order: dorsal horn crosses to thalamus
3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex
142
what does the spinoreticular pathway (divergent) do
adjusts your arousal in response to pain
143
what does the spinomesencephalic pathway (divergent) do
helps you orient to pain
144
what does the spinolimbic pathway (divergent) do
adjusts autonomic/emotional responses to pain
