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esthe state board > CH. 2 Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

CH. 2 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The basic unit of all living things, including bacteria, plants, & animals.
Responsible for carrying out all life processes.

A

Cells.

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2
Q

Made of protoplasm, a colorless, jelly-like substance in which protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, & water are present.

A

Cells.

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3
Q

Dense, active protoplasm found in the center.

Plays an important part in cell reproduction.

Contained in a nuclear membrane within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, & a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

A

Nucleus.

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4
Q

The material or protoplasm within a living cell except the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm.

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5
Q

Encloses the protoplasm & permits water-soluble substances to enter & leave the cell.

A

Cell membrane.

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6
Q

Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function.

A

Organelle.

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7
Q

Most cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells called daughter cells.
This process is known as…

A

Mitosis.

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8
Q

Adequate supply of food.
Adequate supply of oxygen.
Adequate supply of water.
Elimination of waste.
Suitable temperatures.

A

Requirements for cell growth.

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9
Q

Complex chemical process whereby the body cells are nourished & supplied energy needed to survive.

A

Cell metabolism.

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10
Q

Process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

Body stores water, food, & oxygen for when they are needed for growth & repair.

A

Anabolism.

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11
Q

Phase of breaking down larger substances or molecules into smaller ones.

Releases energy that can be stored & used for muscle contraction, secretion, or producing heat.

A

Catabolism.

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12
Q

What are the two phases of metabolism?

A

Anabolism & Catabolism.

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13
Q

How many types of tissues are there?

A

4

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14
Q

Serves to support, protect, & bind together tissues of the body.

Ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, & adipose tissue (fat.)

A

Connective tissue.

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15
Q

Gives smoothness & contour to the body.

A

Adipose tissue.

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16
Q

Protective covering on the body’s surface, such as skin mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive & respiratory organs, & glands.

A

Epithelial tissue.

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17
Q

Contracts & moves various parts of the body.

A

Muscular tissue.

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18
Q

Carries messages to & from the brain & coordinates all body functions.

A

Nerve tissue.

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19
Q

Groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function.

A

Organs.

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20
Q

Groups of organs acting together to perform one or more functions.

A

Body systems.

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21
Q

Rigid network composed of 206 bones that vary in size & shape & are connected by moveable & immovable joints.

A

Skeletal system.

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22
Q

Give shape & support the body.

Protect various internal structures & organs.

Serve as attachments for muscles & act as levers to produce body movement.

Help produce both white & red blood cells. (one of the functions of bone marrow)

Store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, & sodium.

A

Primary functions of the skeletal system.

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23
Q

Elbows, knees, & hips are…

A

Moveable joints.

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24
Q

Pelvis, & skull are…

A

Immovable joints.

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25
Q

Formed by 8 bones.

A

The cranium.

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26
Q

Consists of 14 bones.

A

The face.

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27
Q

How many bones does the human head contain?

A

22 bones.

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28
Q

The oval, bony case that shapes the top of the head & protects the brain.

A

The cranium.

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29
Q

Forms the lower back part of the cranium.

A

Occipital.

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30
Q

Forms the side & top of the cranium (crown).

A

Parietal (2)

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31
Q

Forms forehead.

A

Forntal.

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32
Q

Forms sides of head in ear region.

A

Temporal (2)

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33
Q

The light, spongy bone between eye sockets & forming part of the nasal cavities.

A

Ethmoid.

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34
Q

Joins together all the bones of the cranium.

A

Sphenoid.

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35
Q

Forms bridge of nose.

A

Nasal (2)

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36
Q

Small, fragile bones located at front part of the inner wall of eye sockets.

A

Lacrimal (2)

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37
Q

Forms cheeks or cheekbones.

A

Zygomatic (2)

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38
Q

Bones of upper jaw.

A

Maxillary (2)

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39
Q

Forms lower jaw bone, this is the largest & strongest bone of the face.

A

Mandible.

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40
Q

The bones of the neck consist of…

A

Hyoid bone.
Cervical vertebrae.

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41
Q

‘U’ shaped bone located in the front part of the throat just on top the Adam’s apple.

A

Hyoid bone.

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42
Q

Forms the top of the spinal column located in the neck region.

A

Cervical vertebrae.

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43
Q

The bones of the chest consist of…

A

Thorax.
Sternum.

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44
Q

An elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, & other delicate internal organs.

A

Thorax.

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45
Q

Breastbone.

A

Sternum.

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46
Q

The shoulder consists of…

A

Clavicle.
Scapula.

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47
Q

Clavivle.

A

Collarbone.

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48
Q

Scapula.

A

Shoulder blade.

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49
Q

Uppermost & largest bone of the arm.

A

Humerus.

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50
Q

Large bone on little finger side of forearm.

A

Ulna.

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51
Q

Small bone on the thumb side of forearm.

A

Radius.

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52
Q

(wrist) flexible joint composed of eight small irregular bones, held together by ligaments.

A

Carpus.

53
Q

(palm) consists if five long slender bones.

A

Metacarpus.

54
Q

(fingers or digits) consists of three in each finger & two in the thumb for a total of 14.

A

Phalanges.

55
Q

The study of the structure function, & diseases of the muscles.

A

Myology.

56
Q

How many types of muscles are there?

A

3

57
Q

Controlled by will
Facial, arm, & leg muscles.

A

Voluntary muscles.

58
Q

Smooth, involuntary muscles.
Function automatically.
Stomach or intestines.

A

Non-striated.

59
Q

Heart muscle
Not found in any other part of the body.

A

Cardiac.

60
Q

Usually directed from insertion to origin.

A

Pressure in massage.

61
Q

Part that does not move.

A

Origin.

62
Q

Part that moves.

A

Origin.

63
Q

Middle part of muscle.

A

Belly.

64
Q

Manual or electric…

A

Massage.

65
Q

High frequency & faradic current.

A

Electric current.

66
Q

Infrared or ultraviolet rays…

A

Light rays.

67
Q

Steamers & warm steam towels…

A

Moist heat.

68
Q

Through the nervous system…

A

Nerve impulses.

69
Q

Certain acids and salts..

A

Chemicals.

70
Q

How many muscles of the scalp?

A

4

71
Q

Broad muscle; covers top of head.

A

Epicranius

72
Q

Back part; draws scalp backward.

A

Occipitalis.

73
Q

Front portion; causes wrinkles across forehead.

A

Frontalis.

74
Q

Tendon that connects the occipitalis & frontalis.

A

Aponeurosis.

75
Q

Muscles that coordinate to open & close the mouth.

A

Masseter
Temporalis

76
Q

What spread our fingers?

A

Abductors.

77
Q

Bring the fingers together.

A

Adductors.

78
Q

What are the muscles of the neck?

A

Platysma.
Sternocleidomastoid.

79
Q

Broad muscle that extends from the chest & shoulder muscles to the side of chin.

Depresses lower jaw & lip.

A

Platysma.

80
Q

Muscle of the neck that lowers & rotates the head.

A

Sternocleidomastoid.

81
Q

Muscles of the eyebrow.

A

Corrugator.
Oricularis Oculi.

82
Q

Muscle beneath frontalis & orbitacularis oculi.

Draws the eyebrow down & in.

Produces vertical lines & used for frowning.

A

Corrugator.

83
Q

Ring muscle of eye socket.

Closes eye.

A

Oricularis Occuli.

84
Q

Forms flat band around upper & lower lips.

Wrinkles lips as in kissing or puckers.

A

Orbicularis Oris.

85
Q

Draws corner of mouth out & back as in grinning.

A

Risorius.

86
Q

Elevates lip as in laughing.

A

Zygomaticus.

87
Q

Covers the front of chest.

Assists in swinging movement of arms.

A

Pectoralis major.

88
Q

Muscle producing the contour of front & inner side of upper arm.

Lift forearm, turn palms upward.

A

Biceps.

89
Q

Large triangular muscle covering shoulder joint.

Allows the arm to extend outward & to the side of the body.

A

Deltoid.

90
Q

Large muscle that covers entire back of the upper arm.

Extends the forearm.

A

Triceps.

91
Q

Made up of a series of muscles & strong tendons.

A

The forearm.

92
Q

Straighten wrist, hand, & fingers to form a straight line.

A

Extensors.

93
Q

Bend the wrist, draw hand up, & close fingers toward forearm.

A

Flexors.

94
Q

Turn the hand inward so that palm faces downward.

A

Pronators.

95
Q

Turns hand downward.

Rotates radius & palm downward.

A

Supinator.

96
Q

Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain, where sensations touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, or pleasure are experienced.

A

Sensory or afferent nerves.

97
Q

Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.

The transmitted impulses produce movement.

A

Motor or efferent nerves.

98
Q

Aka the chief sensory nerve of the face & serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.

Consists of three branches: opthalmic, mandibular, & maxillary.

A

Fifth cranial nerve.

99
Q

Chief nerve of the face.

Emerges near the lower part of the ear, & its divisions & branches supply & control muscle of facial expression.

A

Seventh (facial) cranial nerve.

100
Q

Controls the motions of the neck muscles.

Cervical nerves originate at the spinal cord, & their branches supply the muscles & scalp at the back of the head & neck.

A

Eleventh cranial nerve.

101
Q

Thick-walled muscular & elastic tubes that carry pure blood (oxygenated) AWAY FROM THE HEART to the capillaries.

A

Arteries.

102
Q

Minute, thin-walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins.

Provide tissues with nourishment & elimination of waste products.

A

Capillaries.

103
Q

Thin-walled vessels, less elastic than arteries.

Contain cup-like valves that prevent back flow of impure blood from capillaries back TO THE HEART.

Located closer to the outer surface of the body than arteries.

A

Veins.

104
Q

Supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, & nose.

A

Facial artery aka external maxillary artery.

105
Q

Controls steady circulation of blood through the body by means of heart & blood vessels.

A

The Circulatory system.

106
Q

Consists of heart & blood vessels: Heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries for distribution of blood.

A

Blood vascular system.

107
Q

Blood goes from the heart to lungs for purification.

A

Pulmonary circulation.

108
Q

Blood goes through the body to the heart.

A

Systemic or general circulation.

109
Q

Tubelike structures that transport blood to & from the heart & then to various tissues of the body.

A

Blood vessels.

110
Q

Carry oxygen to cells.

Produced in red bone marrow.

A

Red blood cells.

111
Q

A complex iron protein that gives blood its bright red color.

A

Hemoglobin.

112
Q

AKA leukocytes

Destroy disease causing germs.

A

White blood cells.

113
Q

Composed of red & white corpuscles, platelets, plasma, & hemoglobin.

A

Blood.

114
Q

AKA thrombocytes.

Smaller than red blood cells.

Important in the blood clotting process.

A

Platelets.

115
Q

Fluid part of the blood.

Straw-colored, about 90% water.

Contains proteins, sugars, & oxygen.

Carries food & secretions to cells & carbon dioxide from cells.

A

Plasma.

116
Q

Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, & lymph vessels.

A

Lymphatic/ Immune system.

117
Q

Carries nourishment from blood to body cells.

Acts as a defense against invading bacteria & toxins.

Removes waste material from the cells to the blood.

Provides a suitable fluid environment for the cells.

A

Primary functions of the lymph vascular system.

118
Q

Tubelike ducts or canals that lead from the gland to particular body part.

Includes sweat & oil glands of the skin.

A

Exocrine or duct glands.

119
Q

Secrete hormones, such as insulin, adrenaline, & estrogen.

Stimulate functional activity or secreetion in other parts of the body.

A

Endocrine glands or ductless glands.

120
Q

Responsible for the purification of the body.

Includes the kidneys, intestines, & lungs.

A

The Excretory System.

121
Q

Excrete urin.

A

Kidneys.

122
Q

Discharges bile.

A

Liver.

123
Q

Eliminates perspiration.

A

Skin.

124
Q

Eliminates decomposed & undigested food.

A

Large intestine.

125
Q

Exhale carbon dioxide.

A

Lungs.

126
Q

Oxygen is absorbed into the blood.

A

Inhalation.

127
Q

Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

A

Exhalation.

128
Q

Made up of the skin & its various accessory organs, such as oil & sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, & nails.

A

Integumentary system.

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