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PSYC 101 > Ch. 2 Biopsych > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Biopsych Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

network of cells that carries info to and from all parts of the body

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2
Q

neuroscience

A

deals with structure & function of neurons and nervous tissue

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3
Q

neuron

A

basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receivds and sends messages within that system

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4
Q

dendrite

A

branchlike structure that receive messages from other neuronss

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5
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell; contains nucleus

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6
Q

axon

A

tube-like structure or fiber attached to soma that carries the neural message to other cells

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7
Q

synapse

A

tiny gap between the ends of nerve fibers across which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another; at synapse, impulse causes the release of neurotransmitted –> electrical impulse in next neuron

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8
Q

Do people use only 10% of brain?

A

yes; 10% of brain is neurons, 90% of glial cells

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9
Q

glial cells

A

grey fatty cells that provide support and insulation for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing and during prenatal development, and influence the generation of new neurons

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

generate myelin in brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Schwann Cells

A

generate myelin in neurons of the bodym

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12
Q

myelin

A

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

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13
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body

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14
Q

neural impulse

A

inside & outside the cell is semi-liquid w/ ions
–> inside: negatively charged
–> outside: positively charged
negative ions are bigger than positive ions; cannot fit the “gates”

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15
Q

resting potential

A

state of neuron when not firing a neural impulse

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16
Q

action potential

A

state of neuron when dendrites are activated and cell receives stimulation from another cell
–>electrical charge reversal starts at axon part nearest to soma
–> “gates” open: inside cell positive, outside positive
–> at the end of the axon, message is transmitted to another cell

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17
Q

strong stimulus

A

causes neuron to fire more quickly and more neurons to fire

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18
Q

resting state

A

sodium ion gates close immediately after action potential passes; cell membrane pumps out sodium ions back out the cell

–> K+ ions move out

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19
Q

axon terminal

A

branch at the end of the axon

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20
Q

synaptic knob (terminal button)

A

rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals

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21
Q

synapse or synaptic gap

A

microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

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22
Q

receptor sites

A

holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands which are shaped ot fit only certain neurotransmitters
–> when action potential reaches synaptic vesicles, the vesicles release their transmitter into the synaptic gap
–> next cell stimulated is a neuron, muscle, or gland

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23
Q

excitatory synapse

A

synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

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24
Q

inhibitory synapse

A

synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

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25
agonists
chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell
26
antagonists
chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters
27
acetylcholine
-stimulates skeletal muscles to contract, slows contractions in heart muscle 1st neurotransmitter identified, found at synapse between neurons and muscle cells
28
glutamate
nervous system's major excitatory neurotransmitter --> learning and memory, development of the nervous system
29
GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)
most common neurotransmitter producing inhibitory effect in brain; calms anxiety
30
serontonin
associated with sleep, mood, appetite --> excitatory or inhibitory effect
31
dopamine
found in brain --> low levels = Parkinson's --> high levels = Schizophrenia
32
endorphins
pain-controlling chemicals in body --> has same effect as morphine --> leads to addiction to heroin or opium
33
norepihephrine
both a neurotransmitter and a hormone that helps transmit nerve signals across nerve endings to another nerve cell, muscle cell or gland cell --> increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart. --> increases blood pressure and helps break down fat and increases blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body.
34
reuptake
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
35
enzyme
complex protein that is manufactured by cells
36
spinal cord
long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and brain, responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes
37
afferent (sensory neurons)
carry messages from senses to spinal cord
38
efferent (motor neurons)nec
carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands
39
interneurons
connect the afferent neurons to the motor neurons
40
neuroplasticity
the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or traums
41
stem cells
special cells found in all body tissues that are capable of manufacturing other cell types for replacement
42
peripheral nervous system
allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with sensory systems (eyes,ears, skin, mouth) and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body
43
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement
44
autonomic nervous system
controls organs, glands, and involuntary muscles
45
parasympathetic
"eat-drink-rest"--restores the body to normal functioning after arousal, responsible for day to day functioning
46
sympathetic nervous system
"fight or flight"--reacts to stressful events and bodily arousal
47
deep lesioning (clinical study of brain)
insertion of thin, insulated wire in the brain through which an electrical current destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire
48
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
milder electrical current causes neurons to react
49
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
magnetic pulses applied to cortex using special copper wire coils positioned over head
50
computed tomography scans (CT scans)
brains imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain --> can show stroke damage, tumors, injuries and abnormal brain structure
51
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans)
brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain --> 3D image of brain
52
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
non-invasive medical test that measures the magnetic fields produced by your brain's electrical currents. It is performed to map brain function and to identify the exact location of the source of epileptic seizures.
52
electroencephalogram (EEG)
records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of the skull
53
positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive sugar is injected and a computer compiles a color-coded image of brain activity of the brain
54
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
similar to PET, different radioactive tracers
55
functional MRI (fMRI)
computer makes a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain by using images from diff time periods
56
medulla
responsible for life-sustaining functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate)
57
pons ("bridge")
connects the top of the brain to bottom; plays a party in sleep, dreaming, body coordination, and arousal
58
reticular formation
responsible for selective attention --> area of neurons running through the middle of medulla and slightly beyong
59
cerebellum
part of lower brain located behind the pons; controls and coordinates involuntary and voluntary movement --> reflexes, skills, habits stored here
60
thalamus
relays sensory information from lower part of brain to proper areas of cortex --> damage leads to loss or partial loss of sensations
61
hypothalamus
regulates body temp, motivational behavior, controls pituitary gland
62
pituitary gland
"master gland", controls the functions of other endocrine glands
63
hippocampus
responsible for formation of long-term memories and location of objects
64
amygdala
responsible for fear responses and memory of fear --near hippocampus
65
cortex
responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input --> cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum (allow left and right to communicate)
66
occipital lobes
contain visual centers of the brain --> process visual info from eyes (primary visual cortex) --> identify and make sense of visual information (visual association cortex)
67
parietal lobes
centers for touch, taste, and temp sensations --somatosensory cortex
68
temporal lobe
responsible for sense of hearing and meaningful speech, processes sense of taste
69
frontal lobes
higher mental processes, decision making, production of fluent speech, control of emotions through connection to limbic system --> motor cortex sends motor commands to muscles of somatic NS
70
Broca's area
left frontal lobe, speech production Borach's aphasis--> unable to speak fluently, mispronounces words, and speaks haltingly
71
cerebrum
72
Wernicke's Area
left temporal love, understanding the meaning of words Wernicke's aphasia--unable to understand or produce meaningful language
73
pineal gland
a tiny gland in your brain that’s located beneath the back part of the corpus callosum, secretes the hormone melatonin == helps control the circadian cycle
74
thyroid gland
gland that produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate, growth and development. controlls heart, muscle and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance. Its correct functioning depends on a good supply of iodine from the diet.
75
pancreas
an organ located in the abdomen that converts the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells. T --> two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.
76
gonads
reproductive organs that produce gametes --> testes or ovary
77
The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called___
c. dendrites
78
Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse?
a. synpatic vesicles
79
Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons?
interneurons
80
Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system
somatic
81
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?
pituitary
82
The point at which the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice versa, is the _
medulla
83
Signals from the neurons of which sense are NOT sent to the cortex by the thalamus?
smell
84
Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain? a. occipital lobe b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. frontal lobe
occipital lobe
85
The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area
Broca's
86
Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them? a. occipital lobe b. cerebrum c. corpus callosum d. cerebellum
cerebrum
87
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and _______
peripheral and central
88
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?
soma
89
Which of the following neurotransmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
90
Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body?
brain
91
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the ______________ nervous system
sympathetic
92
Hormones are ___________
chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands
93
A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called _____________
MRI
94
What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information?
thalamus
95
Which of the following regions contains the primary visual cortex?
occipital lobe
96
Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere?
perception, expression of emotion, and recognition of patterns

PSYC 101 (9 decks)

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