CH 2: Cartilage And Bone Formation

Question 0

What is responsible for the strength of cartilage? its resilience?

Answer 0

Collagen for sheer strength and water (tissue fluid) for resilience

Question 1

List the three major components of cartilage matrix.

Answer 1

Collagen water GAG’s

Question 2

List three locations and three functions for hyaline cartilage.

Answer 2

Hyaline is shiny glass and most common in the human body.
The location is trachea nose bone joints growth plates larynx and rib cage
The function: support cushion and glide intermediate of elastic and fibro

Question 3

The mature cartilage found in lacuna.

Answer 3

Chondrocyte

Question 4

Secrete collagen to initiate cartilage formation; analogous to osteoblast

Answer 4

Chondroblasts

Question 5

Analogous to periosteum

Answer 5

Perichondrium

Question 6

List two locations into functions very elastic cartilage

Answer 6

Elastic cartilage is the most elastin
Found: the epiglottis and external ear
Function: structure and flexibility

Question 7

List two locations and two functions for the fibrocartilage

Answer 7

Fibro cartilage is thicker collagen and no perichondrium
the function resists conpression and structure
location: meniscus, vertebral discs, and bone repair.

Question 8

Which type of cartilage is the strongest

Answer 8

Fibrocartilage

Question 9

Which type of cartilage lacks a Perichondrium?

Answer 9

Fibrocartilage

Question 10

Carlos is classified as what type of tissue

Answer 10

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 11

Why does cartilage grow and repair itself so slowly

Answer 11

Because it is avascular

No blood supply

Question 12

Forming bone from soft membrane

Answer 12

Intramembranous ossification

Question 13

Bone forming from soft tissue but no cartilage.
Found in cranial skull or possibly clavicle
Mesenchymal➡️osteogenic➡️osteoblast➡️bone.

Answer 13

Intramembranous ossification

Question 14

Future bone composed of hyaline cartilage then converted to bone.

• most bones of the body form by endochondral ossification
• mesenchymal➡️chondroblasts➡️hyaline cartilage➡️osteogenic➡️osteoblasts➡️bone

Answer 14

Endochondral ossification

Question 15

Steps of Endochondral ossification

Answer 15

1. Primary ossification center
   - located in the middle of future Bone; diaphysis.
   - dying cartilage trigger the penetration of Cartlidge by a blood vessel
   - also quick question proceed superficial to deep because it follows the blood vessel
2. Secondary ossification center
   - located inside the emphysis
   - ossification proceeds fromdeep too superficial

Question 16

Nutrients for healthy bones

Answer 16

Vitamins
Vitamin c: collagen synthesis
Vitamin b12: collagen synthesis 
Vitamin k: collagen synthesis
Vitamin a: increased osteoblasts act
Vitamin d: calcification/ca absorption

Question 17

Any break or crack in bone

Answer 17

Fracture

Question 18

Simple fracture

Answer 18

Closed, does not break skin

Question 19

Compound fracture

Answer 19

Open, breaks skin as well as bone

Question 20

Green stick fracture

Answer 20

One side breaks other side bends common in youth

Question 21

Comminuted fracture

Answer 21

Fragments at break site, require surgery

Question 22

Impacted fracture or compression fracture

Answer 22

Two ends of bone driven into each other

Question 23

Stress fracture

Answer 23

Tiny, often microscopic cracks in bone; painful; overuse injury

Question 24

Spiral fracture

Answer 24

Ragged break due to twisting force

Question 25

Epiphyseal fracture

Answer 25

Break at growth plate

Question 26

Depressed fracture

Answer 26

Broken bone pressed inward

Question 27

Colles fracture

Answer 27

Common sport injury ( falling while running); radius breaks near wrists; distal portion of radius moves posterior to rest of radius.

Question 28

Potts fracture

Answer 28

Sole of foot moves inward;lateral | Common ankle; fracture to tibia medially as well as fibula.

Question 29

Five stages of healing

Answer 29

1. Fracture hematoma stage: blood clots at break site 2. Procallus stage: broken area becomes vascular 3. Fibro cartilaginous stage: fibrocartilage holds broken ends together. 4. Bony callus stage: fibrocartilage replaced by spongy bone. 5. Remodeling stage:spongy bone slowly becomes compact bone.

Question 30

Realigning broken end of bone

Answer 30

Reduction t

Question 31

Open reduction

Answer 31

Surgical

Question 32

Closed reduction

Answer 32

Non surgical

Question 33

Epiphyseal plate is ossified on side of diaphysis. Cartilage cells proliferate on side of epiphysis.

Answer 33

Length

Question 34

Matrix formed around blood vessel on surface bone | Vessel becomes a Haversian canal

Answer 34

Thickness

Question 35

Pth

Answer 35

Parathyroid hormones - from parathyroid - travels through blood - increases blood ca levels - pulls ca from the bone by stimulating osteoclast activity

Question 36

Ct

Answer 36

Calcitonin - from general thyroid gland - lowers blood ca levels - increases ca in bones - May slow osteoclast activity - most effective in youth