Ch. 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What is an ion?
A
Atoms or molecules that gained or lost one or more electrons
2
Q
what is hydrophobic?
A
fear of water
3
Q
What are fats?
A
lipids that store energy
4
Q
What does fat contain?
A
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule backbone
5
Q
What is the pH scale?
A
A scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
6
Q
What three particles does an atom consist of?
A
Electrons Protons Neutrons
7
Q
Bases form ______ ions when dissolved in water.
A
Hydroxide
8
Q
C6H12O6
A
glucose
9
Q
Aqueous solution
A
A solution where water is the solvent
10
Q
Carbohydrates are a ___ _____ __ ______.
A
key source of energy
11
Q
Name four roles proteins have in an organism.
A
enzymes, structure, storage, transport
12
Q
The enzyme amylase assists in
A
The breakdown of starch to glucose
13
Q
What is energy?
A
the ability to move or change matter
14
Q
What six things are living things made up of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
15
Q
What type of fats are solid at room temperature?
A
Saturated fats
16
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
When two or more ATOMS share electrons to form a molecule
17
Q
Most enzyme-assisted reactions are
A
Reversible (meaning they can proceed in the opposite direction)
18
Q
How many electrons are on the first three energy levels?
A
2, 8, 8
19
Q
What are the two types of chemical reactions?
A
exergonic and endergonic reactions
20
Q
Energy can be stored (Ex. __) or released by chemical reactions. (Ex. _____)
A
fat, digestion
21
Q
Why does an atom undergo a chemical reaction?
A
To become stable
22
Q
What does DNA stand for?
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
23
Q
Ionic charges have to equal ___
A
zero
24
Q
What numbers are basic on the pH scale?
A
7.1 to 14
25
How do compounds form?
Through chemical reactions
26
Example of disaccharide?
Sucrose, table sugar, made up of glucose and fructose.
27
When do ionic bonds form?
When atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons
28
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
29
On the pH scale what is acidic?
1-6.9
30
When energy is used it is converted into...
another form
31
C2H6
Ethane
32
RNA helps make what?
proteins
33
What two elements do we need on small amounts?
Iron(Fe) and Iodine(I)
34
Example of endergonic reaction.
photosynthesis
35
Because of cohesion, water and other liquids form _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
thin films and drops
36
Atoms that gain electrons are _______ charged.
Negatively
37
What is a unsaturated fat?
It's when some of the carbon atoms are double covalently bonded with one another and some bonded with only 1 hydrogen atom; is in a bended chain
38
What elements are carbohydrates made up of?
(C,H,O) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
39
What are the three types of bonds?
Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen bonds
40
When the food molecules are broken down where is some of the energy of the food stored as?
ATP
41
What is ATP?
a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups.
42
How many different amino acids are there?
20
43
Give four examples of a compound?
H2O, NaCl, CO2, C6H12O6
44
Most lipids are \_\_\_\_\_\_
hydrocarbons
45
Water helps maintain \_\_\_\_\_.
homeostasis
46
What is the proportion of carbohydrates?
1:2:1 C:H:O
47
What is an amino acid?
large molecules formes by linked molecules
48
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
49
What is adhesion?
An attraction between different substances
50
What is capillary action?
When adhesion and cohesion work together; water molecules move upward through a narrow tube
51
Example of exergonic reaction.
respiration
52
What is cohesion?
An attraction between substances of the same kind.
53
The enzyme catalase assist in
The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide H2O2
54
What are Hydrocarbons?
lipids made up of mostly hydrogen and carbon
55
What are the three parts of nucleotide?
sugar, nitrogen-contain base, and a phosphate group
56
What numbers does the pH scale range from?
0-14
57
What are polysaccharides?
3 or more sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis reaction
58
C4H10
Butane
59
What does DNA store?
heredity information
60
What are the types of energy?
Electrical, heat, light, chemical, mechanical
61
Chemical bonding happens so .....
Atoms can join with other atoms to form stable substances
62
What is an endergonic reaction?
a reaction where energy is absorbed
63
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means
64
What is the main difference from RNA and DNA?
RNA has ribose, uracil and is single stranded. DNA has deoxyribose, thymine and is double stranded.
65
Bases
Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
66
Enzymes
Substances that increase the speed of chemical reaction
67
Example of a polysaccharide.
Starch
68
What elements are nucleus acids made up of?
(C,H,O,P) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
69
Lipids include \_\_\_,\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
70
What is metabolism?
all chemical reactions in an organisms body
71
What is hydrophillic?
love water
72
What is a protein?
a large molecule formed by linked molecules called amino acids
73
Solution= \_\_\_\_\_+\_\_\_\_\_\_
Solute, solvent
74
Atomic mass equals ....
The number of protons and neutrons.
75
Atoms that lose electrons are ______ charged.
Positively
76
What type of fats are liquids at room temperature?
Unsaturated fats
77
Active sites
The site on an enzyme that attacheds to a subtrate
78
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature and pH of their surroundings
79
What is a saturated fat?
It's when all the carbon atoms are single covalently bonded with other carbon atoms and are bonded to at least 2 hydrogen atoms; lay in a straight line.
80
Examples of monosaccharides.
glucose, fructose, galactose
81
What is a compound?
A molecule made up of two or more DIFFERENT elements.
82
Proteins have 3-D shapes depending on...
the order of linked amino acids and their interaction with each other.
83
An example of covalent bond is...
Water (H2O)
84
What is an an exergonic reaction?
a reaction where energy is released
85
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
86
C3H8
Propane
87
What is a lipid?
a nonpolar molecule that is not soluble in water
88
C5H12
Pentane
89
What elements are proteins made up of?
(C,H,O,S)
90
What kind of molecules do not dissolve in water?
Non polar
91
Enzymes end in
-ase
92
Elements differ in the number of ____ they contain
Protons
93
What is an element?
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
94
Define solution
A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance
95
What elements are lipids made up of?
(C,H,O,P) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus
96
A light bulb converts ____ energy into ___ & ____ energy.
electrical, light, heat
97
What number is neutral on the pH scale?
7
98
Enzymes help organisms maintain
Homeostasis
99
Catalysts
Substances that reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction
100
What does DNA consist of?
two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other
101
When an acid is added to the water...
The concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution is increased above that of pure water
102
What happens when Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine) meet?
Na will give 1 e to Cl. since Na has +1 charge and Cl has -1 charge they will be attracted to each other and form salt, NaCl.
103
The number of protons equals the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of an element.
Atomic number
104
Number of protons equals.....
The number of electrons
105
Why is energy important?
its required for life processes
106
Activation energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
107
Electrons are arranged on _____ \_\_\_\_\_ found outside of the nucleus.
Energy levels
108
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space
109
What is a nucleotide?
a long chain of smaller molecules
110
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
111
What is surface tension?
A condition in which water molecules at the surface are attracted to one another.
112
Most enzymes are
Proteins
113
What are disaccharides?
Sugars formed when two monosaccarides are joined
114
Ions are _____ atoms.
Charged
115
Many organisms release heat through ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
water evaporation
116
Acids
Compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
117
C6H14
Hextane
118
What are the building blocks of proteins/
amino acids
119
What is a carbohydrate?
sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
120
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with an unequal distribution of electrical charges.
121
What is it called when two carbohydrates come together by a chemical reaction?
Dehydration synthesis and condensation reaction
122
Hydronium atoms refer to...
Acid
123
Substrate
A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction
124
More than ___ of the mass that makes up living things are made up of just __ elements
90% ; six
125
What does RNA consist of?
a single strand of nucleotides
126
What happens to the energy in chemical reactions?
energy is absorbed or released when chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed
127
Describe the attraction between two water molecules.
Since water is polar, it's negatively charged; oxygen is attracted to the positively charged hydrogen of other water molecules.
128
What is the spiral of DNA called?
double helix
129
What is the pneumonic to memorize what living things are made up of?
CHONPS
130
CH4
Methane
131
What are hydrogen bonds?
Molecules with an unequal distribution of electrical charges. They have partial negative and positive charges.
