CH. 37 Introduction to Body Structure Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Define tissue
A
a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function
2
Q
The body is structurally organized into what four levels.
A
- cells
- tissue
- organs
- organ systems
3
Q
What are the four kinds of tissue?
A
- epithelial
- nervous
- connective
- muscle
4
Q
Nervous tissue makes up what?
A
the nervous system
5
Q
Nervous tissue consists of what?
A
nerve cell
6
Q
Describe epithelial tissue.
A
Lines most body surfaces, it protects other tissue from dehydration and physical damage
7
Q
Epithelial is no more than a few what?
A
cells thick
8
Q
Describe the cells of epithelial tissue.
A
typically flat and thin and contain a small amount of cytoplasm
9
Q
What does the connective tissue do?
A
supports, protects, and insulates the body
10
Q
The connective tissue includes what?
A
fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and blood
11
Q
Muscle tissue enables what?
A
the movement of body structure by muscle contraction
12
Q
Name the three kinds of muscle tissue.
A
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
13
Q
Skeletal muscle is what kind of muscle?
A
voluntary
14
Q
What is a voluntary muscle?
A
A muscle you can consciously control its contractions.
15
Q
Skeletal muscle moves what?
A
the bones in the trunk and limbs
16
Q
What is an involuntary muscle?
A
A muscle that you cannot control its contractions
17
Q
Smooth muscle lines what?
A
the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
18
Q
When does smooth muscle contract?
A
It contracts when stimulated by signal molecules or spontaneously
19
Q
Where is cardiac muscle found?
A
in the heart
20
Q
What do the contractions of the cardiac muscle allow?
A
the pumping of blood to all of the body tissue
21
Q
What are embryonic stem cells?
A
early undifferentiated cells that can change to all the types of cells in the body
22
Q
What are ‘immortal’ cells?
A
cells that divide indefinitely
23
Q
What is a downside of embryonic stem cell therapy?
A
it destroys an early embryo
24
Q
Where are adult stem cells located?
A
in the bone marrow
25
Adult stem cells stop reproducing after how many cell divisions?
100
26
What is a downside of adult stem cells?
they are not as versatile as embryonic stem cells
27
Adult stem cells produce different types of what?
blood cells
28
Embryonic stem cells are what?
immortal
29
What is a body organ?
two or more type of tissue working together to perform a specific function
30
What is an organ system?
a group of organs that work together to carry out a major processes
31
What is a body cavity?
large fluid filled spaces that house and protect major internal organs
32
Describe the body cavities, organs are what?
suspended in fluid that support their weight and prevent them from being deformed by body movement
33
Name the four major body cavities
cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominal
34
Describe the cranial cavity.
brain is protected by the skull
35
Describe the spinal cavity
spinal cord protected by vertebra
36
Describe the thoracic cavity
heart and lungs protected by rib cage and sternum
37
Describe the abdominal cavity
digestive organs protected by pelvis and abdominal muscles
38
What does the term endothermic mean?
the ability of an organism to maintain body temperature by producing heat internally
39
A large percentage of the energy we consume is devoted to what/
maintain our body temperature
40
How does the body maintain a constant temp.?
through the flow of blood in blood vessels under the skin
41
To release heat the body does what?
increases blood flow in the vessels
42
To retain heat the body does what?
shuns away from the skin
43
What is a benefit of being endothermic?
it allows you to sustain strenous activity for a long time
44
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
45
What forms the axial skeleton?
the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
46
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
the bones not included in the axial skeleton. the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder
47
The most complex part of the axial skeleton is what?
the skull
48
What is attached to the spine?
the vertebrae
49
Curving forward from the middle vertebrae are what?
12 pairs of ribs that make up the rib cage
50
the appendicular skeleton forms what?
the appendages or limbs
51
What is the hip attachment called?
pelvic girdle
52
What are bones made of?
a hard outer covering of compact bone surrounding an inner core of spongy bone
53
What is bone marrow?
soft tissue inside bones where red and white blood cells are produced
54
What is the periosteum?
the fibrous tissue that covers bones
55
Define epithelial tissue.
a tissue composed of cells that form a barrier between an organism and its environment
56
Define nervous tissue.
the tissue of the nervous system, which consists of neurons, their supporting cells and connective tissue
57
Define muscle tissue.
the tissue made of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement
58
Define connective tissue.
a tissue that has a lot of intracellular substance and that connects and supports other tissues
59
Red bone marrow begins the production of what?
all blood cells and platelets
60
Yellow bone marrow consists of what?
mostly fat, which stores energy
61
During development what is gradually replaced by bone as minerals are deposited.
cartilage
62
Define Haversian canals.
a channel containing blood vessels in compact bone tissue
63
What are osteocytes?
bone cells
64
What maintains the mineral content of bone?
osteocytes
65
What is osteoporosis?
a condition caused by severe bone loss where bones become brittle and are easily fractured
66
What is a joint?
a place where two bones meet
67
What are ligaments?
strong bands of connective tissue that hold the bones of a joint
68
What cushions the ends of the bones of a joint?
pads of cartilage
69
Name the three main types of joints.
immovable joints, slightly movable joints, and freely movable joints
70
Describe the movement of immovable joints.
Immovable joints permit little or no movement of the bones they join.
71
Describe the movement of slightly movable joints
Slightly movable joints permit limited movement of the bones they join
72
Describe the movement of freely movable joints.
Freely movable joints permit movement. The direction of bone movement is determined by the structure of the joint
73
Give an example of an immovable joint.
cranial bones
74
Give an example of a slightly movable joint
rib cage
75
Give an example of a freely movable joint.
knee
76
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
a painful inflammation of freely movable joints.
77
What is osteoarthritis?
a disorder that causes the degeneration of cartilage that covers the surfaces of bones
78
What happens when a disease afflicts the bones or connective tissue?
the joints ability to move may be impaires
79
What are tendons?
strips of dense connective tissue
80
What is a flexor muscle?
a muscle that bends a limb or other body port
81
What is a extensor muscle?
a muscle that extends a joint
82
What is actin?
a protein responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle
83
What is myosin?
the most abundant protein in muscle tissue and the main constituent of thick filaments of muscle fiber
84
What are the contractile protein filaments that muscle contains called?
actin and myosin
85
What are myofibrils?
fibers that are found in striated muscle cells and that are responsible for muscle contractions
86
What are sarcomeres?
the basic unit of contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle
87
Each skeletal muscle fiber contains small cylindrical structures called?
myofibrils
88
Sections of protein filaments that contract together are called?
sarcomeres
89
Where does muscle contraction occur?
in the sarcomeres of myofibrils
90
How does a muscle contract?
myosin and actin filaments slide along one another and a sarcomere shortens
91
Muscle contactions use what?
ATP supplied by aerobic respiration
92
During brief intense activities what takes over?
anaerobic processes take over and ATP is produced by glycolysis
93
What happens when both aerobic and anaerobic pathways become insufficient?
muscles use glycogen as an energy source
94
What kind of exercises can increase muscle size and strength?
resistance exercises
95
What is the largest organ in the body?
the skin
96
What forms the integumentary system?
the skin, hair and nails
97
What are the two primary layers of skin?
the epidermis and the dermis
98
What is the epidermis?
the outermost layer of the skin
99
What is the epidermis made up of?
several layers of epithelial cells
100
What is keratin?
a protein that makes skin tough and waterproof
101
What is melanin?
a pigment that helps determines skin color
102
The inner layer of the epidermis contains cells that produce which pigment?
melanin
103
What does the dermis contain?
nerve cells, blood vessels, and hair follicles
104
What is the dermis?
the functional layer of skin that lies just beneath the epidermis
105
What is a hair follicle?
a depression in the skin that encloses a hair and its root
106
What is the subcutaneous tissue?
a layer of connective tissue made mostly of fat that lies just beneath the dermis
107
Where are the hair and nails derived from/
the epidermis
108
What do hair follicles produce?
individual hairs
109
Nails are produced by what?
specialized epidermal cells located at the base of each nail
110
What is sebum?
an oily secretion that lubricates the skin
111
What do oil glands in the dermis release?
sebum
112
What is acne?
a chronic, inflammatory skin condition caused by an excessive secretion of sebum, which blocks pores with oil, dirt, and bacteria.
113
Skin cancer can result from what?
genetic mutations caused by overexposure to UV radiation
114
What are carcinomas?
a skin caner that originates in cells and do not produce pigments
115
What are malignant melanomas?
cancers is pigment-producing cells
