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Adult Development > Ch. 2 Models of Development > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Models of Development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental science

A

emerged in the 1960s to promote a more integrative, life-span view of individual growth and change

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2
Q

evolution of development

A

covers the whole lifespan
- systematic effects of multiple influences on development
- study of typical rules

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3
Q

contextual influences

A

VERY important
i.e., socioeconomic status, parenting style, zip code a person lives in, pollution
DEPENDS on
- multiple intersecting factors impact change

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4
Q

theory of evolution

A

1859
- believed heredity influenced everything
- very little exposure to environment
- parents provided basic needs –> genes would do the rest

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5
Q

behaviorism

A

1900s; John B. Waston
- theorized that learning is a function of change in behavior→ behaviors are learned not inherited
- origin of fear, love and phobias

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6
Q

niche-picking

A

the proposal that genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child’s life
ex. tiny tot sports
- becomes part of one’s daily routine

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7
Q

organismic model

A

assess the initial cognitive level of a person
ex. individually looking at each student in a classroom
- prevents current choices, future mindset

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8
Q

mechanistic model

A

looking at the environment of situation
ex. a third grade classroom

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9
Q

interactionist model

A

everyone is serving at a baseline but still makes observations to become oriented with a population in order to structure the future plan
ex. looking at classroom environment and performance level of all students

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10
Q

plasticity

A

engaging in mental and physical activity → maintaining one’s abilities
ex. toddlers starting to walk, playing an instrument
- only the survivors grow old; avoiding risks

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11
Q

reciprocity

A

we influence (and are influenced by) the people around us
- interactionist model
- give and take process

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12
Q

ecological perspective

A

identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individual over time
- Bronfenbrenner’s Model

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13
Q

chronosystem

A

passage of time

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14
Q

microsystem

A

the setting in which people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact on their live
- family, peers, school

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15
Q

mesosystem

A

realm of the environment in which interactions take place among two or more microsystem

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16
Q

exosystem

A

the environments that people do not closely experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless
- industry and social services

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17
Q

macrosystem

A

larger social institutions ranging from a country’s economy to its laws and social norms
- attitudes and ideologies of culture

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18
Q

life course perspective

A

norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person’s life

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19
Q

application of ecological model

A

locations with different incomes affect the life expectancy
- socioeconomic status affects outcomes and relationships

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20
Q

direct biological

A

increase in levels of cortisol, unchecked inflammation, disrupted sleep

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21
Q

indirect mediated

A

leads to unhealthy behaviors to cope → will affect biological changes
- smoking, drug use, alcoholism

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22
Q

social clock

A

the expectations for the ages at which a society associates with major life events
- graduating HS, getting married, having kids

23
Q

activity theory

A

well-being depends on staying active

24
Q

disengagement theory

A

…depends on becoming disengaged
- remove ourselves that remind us of having a meaningful career, conversations or relationships

25
continuity theory
…depends on maintaining prior activity levels - engage at some level
26
ageism
a set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on their chronological age
27
terror management theory
fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults - distance from negative feelings or thoughts - psychologically distancing from older adults
28
modernization hypothesis
older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies - younger people view them as obsolete - older population is a drain on the economy
29
multiple jeopardy hypothesis
fitting into more than one discriminated against category means one is affected by all of them
30
inoculation hypothesis
older minorities and women may develop “immunity” due to exposure - data supports this hypothesis - forming boundaries
31
erikson's psychosocial theory
proposes that at certain points in life, biological, psychological, and social changes come together to influence the individual’s personality
32
identity vs. identity diffusion
who are we, what defines us; goal of having a coherent sense of self but in pursuit of common goals that may lack direction - select environmental factors that will help reach goals
33
intimacy vs. isolation
populate beliefs about what these relationships, value of them, and role within them for the individual; or not making the commitments
34
generativity vs. stagnation
in career phase, contributing something; concern for new generations, younger people - or wonder what we are doing
35
ego integrity vs. dispair
at some point, realization of positive elements and negative elements of one self and are all value, forgive ourselves for past mistakes; acceptance of own mortality that brings peace
36
piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
set of underlying processes that allow us to achieve understanding and mastery of the physical world
37
schemas
mental structures we use to understand the world; cognitive prototypes i.e., we know that things that work for a long time do not always work for current situations
38
assimilation
change interpretation of reality to fit current schemas
39
accommodation
change schemas in response to new info
40
identity process theory
proposes that identity continues to change in adulthood in a dynamic manner - physical self, cognitive self, personality, social roles
41
identity assimilation
resist changing identities in the face of disconfirming experiences (preserves positive view of self) ex. Botox procedures
42
identity accommodation
change identities in response to disconfirming evidence - challenge their current view of themselves
43
multiple threshold model
brings with it the potential for another threshold to be crossed ex. getting Botox until 40, then getting bone test, and realizing losing the vital mineral
44
selective optimization with compensation model
adults attempt to preserve and maximize the abilities that are of central importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not - focus on some areas and forget some others
45
genome
the complete set of instructions for “building” all the cells that make up an organism
46
DNA
a molecule capable of replicating itself that encodes information needed to produce proteins
47
gene
a functional unit of a DNA molecule carrying a particular set of instructions for producing one of those proteins
48
chromosome
distinct, physically separate units of coiled threads of DNA and associated protein molecules
49
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
small genetic variation that can occur in a person’s DNA sequence in which one nucleotide is substituted for another
50
genome-wide association study
a method used in behavior genetics in which researchers search for genetic variations related to complex diseases by scanning the entire genome - figure out region of human genome that is responsible for genetic disease
51
genome-wide linkage study
researchers study the families of people with specific psychological traits or disorders.
52
programmed aging theories
propose that aging and death are built into the hard-wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code - born, reproduce, age-related declines, death
53
telomeres
repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes - protect the chromosomes from the damage to them that accumulates over repeated cell replications

Adult Development (7 decks)

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