Ch 2: Origins of Sociology Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Sociologists are ___ the first to talk about society and ask questions
A
not
2
Q
Society is a type of _____.
A
organism
3
Q
Auguste Comte reasoned that sociology should focus on:
1.
2.
3.
A
Social Statics
The structure of the organism
Social Dynamics
4
Q
______ objective measures of the social world
A
Social Statics
5
Q
Sociologists are _____ that focus on things that can be measured
A
empiricists
6
Q
The structure of the organism impacts the _______.
A
individual
7
Q
Auguste Comte argued that sociology should be used to _____
A
better the world and help solve social problems
8
Q
Use ____ to prevent things from happening
A
patterns
9
Q
(T/F) Comte’s idea was that sociology should interfere with social processes
A
true
10
Q
(T/F) Sociologists observe and report. They interfere with social processes
A
False
11
Q
Who opposed Comte’s idea?
A
Hebert Spencer
12
Q
Who coined the term “Survival of the Fittest?”
A
Herbert Spencer
13
Q
Societies ____ and become more complex as they get bigger
A
differentiate
14
Q
_____ populations put pressure onto social institutions to evolve or change
A
Bigger
15
Q
Societies live or die by their response to
A
selection pressures
16
Q
Who was a strong critic of capitalism?
A
Karl Marx
17
Q
The group who controls the ______ influences other institutions
A
means of production
18
Q
The social order is imposed by ____ and uses
A
industrial capitalism
19
Q
The ________ own the means of production and have considerable influence over the lives of workers
A
bourgeoisie
20
Q
The workers are called
A
proletariat
21
Q
the group who controls the ________ influences other institutions
A
means of productions
22
Q
As capitalism advances, the workers are ________ from their labor and become increasingly alienated from their own lives
A
alienated
23
Q
They lack ________ because capitalist manipulate other instiutions
A
Class consciousness
24
Q
Examples of other institutions
A
media, government, healthcare
25
Karl Marx believes that charismatic leaders would rise to lead a revolution that will ___ the oppression of capitalism
end
26
Emile Durkheim believed that social phenomena or ________ are distinct elements of society to be understood on their own and are external to us
social facts
27
As humans interact, social facts persist over time and culture is created, including _____
shared values
28
The shared values and beliefs of people are called ______
Collective Conscience
29
Collective Conscience
Collective mortality that is shared by people
Stronger in simple small societies but weak in in bigger complex societies
30
Max Weber's conflict theory was somewhere between ______ and _____ in terms of how he saw society
Marx and Spencer
31
_____ motivates social change
conflict
32
Conflict motivates social change, but it's related to __________ and ______
social evolutionary dynamics; social inequality
33
Who was concerned with bias in sociological research, but also concerned value free sociology impossible because of the material studied
Max Weber
34
Max Weber was concerned with bias in sociological research, but also considered ______ impossible because of the material studied
value free sociology
35
What is an empathetic understanding that comes from studying the subjective meanings that people attach to things to the social world
Verstehen
36
(T/F) Only socially meaningful actions should be studied
true
37
- Sociology is a science where institutions can be studied and connected
- Things that society do could be connected to one another
Auguste Comte
38
- Societal complexity and connections between institutions and phenomena
- Population can change and restructure elements of the social space
Herbert Spencer
39
- Inequality and poor living conditions/economic conditions are tied to other processes can influence other institutions
- Do not ignore conditions
Karl Marx
40
- Social structure would have restrictions on human behaviors
- Study social world by studying social facts
Emile Durkheim
41
- Study actions and social facts
- Consider why people do things and not just what they do
- Conflict is not inevitable
Max Weber
42
Scientific explanation with evidence to explain a process or phenomenon
Theory
43
What is theory good for?
Useful for adding context and explaining findings in research
44
Macro theories are _________ theories that examine the social world processes in abstract and not from the individual perspective
big picture
45
_________ in society is an interconnected set of systems that support society and keep it in equilibrium
Structural functionalism
46
Society is an ________ that supports society and keeps it in equilibrium
interconnected set of systems
47
Social change occurs through _______
evolutionary consensus
48
Structural functionalism was derived from _______ and _______.
Comte and Spencer
49
The original core of the sociological theory is _______
structural functionalism
50
(T/F) Societies are social systems of interrelated parts
true
51
(T/F) Institutions are the organs of the integrated systems that perform important social function
True
52
___________ are enduring networks of people that perform a social functions
Social institutions
53
Examples of social institutions
religion, education and law
54
Use functionalism to ....
examine the function of an institution or social phenomena
55
Manifest function
an institution is doing the thing was intended to do
56
What is an example of manifest function?
Kids can read after attending school
57
Latent Function
an unintended consequence that isn't a bad thing
58
An example of latent function
Kids learn all kinds of other things that are not intended but good
59
Dysfunction
An unintended consequence that is bad
60
An example of dysfunction
Kids learn all kinds of less good things at school
61
Conflict theory assumes social change is driven by ______ between groups over limited resources and bot by consensus
conflict
62
_____________ assumes social change is driven by conflict between groups over limited resources and not by consensus
Conflict theory
63
______ is the driving force of social conflict
inequality
64
Marx, Weber, and classic conflict theorists are focused on the relationship between
social inequality and conflict
65
The _____ leads to class conflict
economy
66
Who focused on the integrative nature of conflict
Contemporary theorists
67
Its value as a force that contributes to order and stability
the integrative nature of conflict
68
assumes conflict is a permanent feature of social life, resulting in societies being in a state of constant change
Conflict theory
69
(T/F) Economic and other inequalities are frequent causes of social change and conflict
true
70
What usually discusses power relationships in social institutions and their impact on populations
conflict analysis
71
(T/F) Inequalities can increase the likelihood of conflict
true
72
(T/F) Conflict is a part of society and does not serve social functions
false
73
What often examines the role of inequality in institutional functioning
conflict theory
74
Functionalism is another name for _____
Structural functionalism
75
Structural functionalism says that society is an interconnected system and it evolves through the evolution of ________
social concensus
76
(T/F) We examine institutions and structures based on the *purpose* they serve
False; functions
77
(T/F) Institutions don't always perform as they should and may have unexpected/unintended consequences
True
78
Symbolic interactionism is a ________, so it is focused on the small group level
micro level theory
79
______ is a micro level theory, so it is focused on the small group level
Symbolic interactionism
80
(T/F) The micro theory does not talking about rates or even statistics in most cases
True
81
Interactionists argue that behavior is driven by ________
subjective meaning
82
______ is built through social interaction
meaning
83
meaning is built through ________
social interaction
84
What is driven by subjective meaning?
behavior
85
What argues human society is based on the shared meaning of symbols
Symbolic interactionism
86
Symbolic interactionism argues that human society is based on the shared meaning of ______
symbols
87
Social interaction is not scripted but relies on commonly shared understandings such as
signs, language, facial expressions
88
(T/F) The interactionist perspective examines patterns and processes of everyday life that are generally *noticed* by many other perspectives
False; ignored
89
exchange theory attempts to explain behavior and balancing of ____ and _____
costs; rewards
90
What attempts to explain social behavior and balancing of costs and rewards
exchange theory
91
(T/F) Exchange theory assumes that life is a series of exchanges and that voluntary social interactions are contingent upon rewarding or punishing reactions from other
true
92
Exchange theory is very similar to the psychological school of ______
behaviorism
93
Social life is viewed as a process of ______
bargaining; negotiation
94
Social relationships are based on _____
trust; mutual interests
95
Exchanges are _____, meaning that what one person values may not be the same as another
subjective
96
Couples balancing housework/chores in their relationship according to meaning is an example of _____
exchange theory
