Ch. 2 Science Of Human Movement

Question 1

Plane: Sagittal

Answer 1

Motion: Flexion/extension
Axis: Coronal
Example: Biceps curls, Triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jumping, climbing stairs

Question 2

Plane: Frontal

Answer 2

Motion: Adduction/abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/inversion
Axis: Anterior-posterior
Example: Side lateral raises, side lunges, side shuffling

Question 3

Plane: Transverse

Answer 3

Motion: Internal/external rotation, Left/right spinal rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Axis: Longitudinal
Example: Cable rotations, Transverse plane lunges, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat

Question 4

During Pronation (eccentric muscle function)

Answer 4

The foot: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The ankle: Dorsiflexes, everts, abducts
The knee: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates
The hip: Flexes, adducts, internally rotates

Question 5

During Supination (concentric muscle function)

Answer 5

The foot: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The ankle: Plantar flexes, inverts, adducts
The knee: Extends, abducts, externally rotates
The hip: Extends, abducts, externally rotates

Question 6

Lever Class I

Answer 6

Common Example: Teeter-totter
Body Example: Flexion-extension of the head

Question 7

Lever Class II

Answer 7

Common Example: Wheelbarrow
Body Example: Dorsiflexion-rising up on tiptoes

Question 8

Lever Class III

Answer 8

Common Example: Lifting a Shovel
Body Example: Forearm flexion

Question 9

Length-tension relationship

Answer 9

The resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length

Question 10

Force-velocity curve

Answer 10

The relationship of muscles’ ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities

Question 11

Rate of force production

Answer 11

how quickly a muscle can generate force

Question 12

Muscle Action Spectrum: Concentric

Answer 12

Developing tension while a muscle is shortening; when developed tension overcomes resistive force

Question 13

Muscle Action Spectrum: Eccentric

Answer 13

Developing tension while a muscle is
lengthening; when resistive force overcomes developed tension

Question 14

Muscle Action Spectrum: Isometric

Answer 14

When the contractile force is equal to the resistive force

Question 15

Muscle category: Agonists

Answer 15

Prime movers

ex. the gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension.

Question 16

Muscle category: Antagonists

Answer 16

Act in opposition to prime movers

Ex. The psoas is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.

Question 17

Muscle category: Synergists

Answer 17

Assist prime movers

Ex. the hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension.

Question 18

Muscle category: Stabilizers

Answer 18

support and stabilize body while agonists (prime movers) and synergists create movement

Ex. the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae stabilize the LPHC during functional movements while the prime movers perform functional activities.

Question 19

Behavioral Properties of Muscle

Answer 19

extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension

Question 20

Local Muscular System

Answer 20

stabilization system; muscles connect directly to spine; transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal obliques, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles

Question 21

Peripheral Joint Support System

Answer 21

appendicular skeletal muscle; poor force production; isolated stabilization function; rotator cuff, gluteus medius (posterior fibers), vastus medialis oblique

Question 22

Global Muscular System

Answer 22

movement musculature; four distinct subsystems

Question 23

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

Answer 23

transmits force between trunk and ground; erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament, biceps femoris, peroneus longus

Question 24

Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)

Answer 24

transfers force from transverse to sagittal plane; works synergistically with DLS; important for rotational activities; latissimus dorsi and contralateral gluteus maximus, cross-body bridge through thoracolumbar fascia

Question 25

Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)

Answer 25

similar to POS on front side of body; internal and external obliques, adductor complex, hip external rotators

Question 26

Lateral subsystem

Answer 26

frontal plane and pelvo-femoral stability; gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor complex, quadratus lumborum

Question 27

Proprioception

Answer 27

cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the CNS

Question 28

Internal feedback

Answer 28

information provided by length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and environment

Question 29

External feedback

Answer 29

information provided by an external source

Question 30

Knowledge of results

Answer 30

informs athlete about the outcome of performance

Question 31

Knowledge of performance

Answer 31

informs athlete about the quality of movement during exercise

Question 32

Sensorimotor integration

Answer 32

ability of CNS to gather and interpret information to execute the proper motor response

Question 33

Motor behavior

Answer 33

Motor response to internal and external stimuli - Motor control - Motor learning - Motor development

Question 34

Motor control

Answer 34

how the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response

Question 35

Motor learning

Answer 35

integration of motor control with practice and experience; creates relatively permanent change in ability to produce skilled movement

Question 36

Motor development

Answer 36

Change in motor behavior over a lifetime

Question 37

Kinesiology

Answer 37

The study of human movement.

Question 38

Biomechanics

Answer 38

A physics term involving the study of how forces affect a living body.

Question 39

Ground reaction force

Answer 39

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.

Question 40

Quantitative analysis

Answer 40

Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.

Question 41

Qualitative analysis

Answer 41

Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.

Question 42

Human movement system

Answer 42

- Skeletal system - Nervous system - Muscular system

Question 43

Plumb line

Answer 43

A vertical line of reference consisting of a cord with plumb bob attached to one end.

Question 44

Force

Answer 44

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object. Force = Mass × Acceleration

Question 45

Mass

Answer 45

The amount of matter in an object or physical body.

Question 46

Matter

Answer 46

A substance that takes up space.

Question 47

Acceleration

Answer 47

The speed of an object.

Question 48

Weight

Answer 48

The amount of force that gravity has on the body.

Question 49

Gravity

Answer 49

A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the earth’s center.

Question 50

Arthrokinematics

Answer 50

Joint motion

Question 51

Rotary motion

Answer 51

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Question 52

Torque

Answer 52

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-Meter or Nm.

Question 53

Neuromuscular system

Answer 53

A combined system of the nervous and muscular systems.

Question 54

Motor unit discharge rate

Answer 54

The rate at which motor neurons discharge action potentials; also referred to as rate coding.

Question 55

Performing an exercise with elbow extension requires which muscle to be the agonist?

Answer 55

Triceps

Question 56

Which of the following muscles is considerd a synergist while performing a bench press?

Answer 56

Triceps

Question 57

The posterior oblique subsystem works synergistically with which other system?

Answer 57

Deep longitudinal

Question 58

Which of the following is a form of internal feedback?

Answer 58

Sensory information

Question 59

Which class of lever is the most common in the body?

Answer 59

III

Question 60

Which muscle behavior refers to its ability to be stretched or lengthened?

Answer 60

Extensibility

Question 61

Which of the following describes a person's ability to change motor behavior over time throughought a life span?

Answer 61

Motor development

Question 62

Which muscular system does an athlete primarily engage during a prone iso-abs exercise?

Answer 62

Local

Question 63

Which muscle action is directly associated with accelerating supination?

Answer 63

Concentric

Question 64

Which muscle function assists the prime mover to produce movement?

Answer 64

Synergist

Question 65

How many classes of levers are present in the body?

Answer 65

Three

Question 66

Which of the following muscle actions develops tension while a muscle is lengthening?

Answer 66

Eccentric

Question 67

Which plane bisects the body into front and back halves with motion occurring around an anterior-posterior axis?

Answer 67

Frontal Plane

Question 68

When performing an exercise in the sagittal plane, around which of the following axes does the movement occur?

Answer 68

Coronal

Question 69

Which of the following muscles is part of the anterior oblique subsystem?

Answer 69

External obliques