Ch. 2 term Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
ventral
(ventr/o)
(venture)
A
refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part
means belly
means to undertake
2
Q
dorsal
(dors/o)
(Endorse)
A
refers to the back
means back
means sign on the back
3
Q
cranial
crani/o
A
means toward the head
means skull
4
Q
caudal
cauda
A
means toward the tail
means tail
5
Q
anterior
anteri/o
A
means front of the body
means before
6
Q
posterior
posteri/o
A
means rear of the body
means behind
7
Q
Rostral
rostrum
A
means nose end of the head
means beak
8
Q
cephalic
kephale
A
means pertaining to the head
means head
9
Q
caudal
cauda
A
means toward the tail
means tail
10
Q
medial
medi/o
A
means toward the midline
means middle
11
Q
lateral
later/o
A
means away from the midline
means side
12
Q
superior
super
A
means uppermost, above or toward the head
means above
13
Q
inferior
inferi
A
means lowermost, below or toward the tail
means lower
14
Q
proximal
proxim/o
A
means nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure
means next
15
Q
distal
dist/o
A
means farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure
means distant
16
Q
superficial
super
A
means near the surface; also called external
means above
17
Q
deep
in latin
A
means away from the surface; also called internal
means beneath the surface
18
Q
palmar
in latin
A
means the caudal surface of the front paw
means hollow of the hand
19
Q
plantar
in latin
A
means the caudal surface of the rear paw
means the sole of the foot
20
Q
midsagittal plane (median)
A
plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
21
Q
sagittal plane
A
plane that divides that body into unequal right and left parts
22
Q
dorsal plane (frontal or coronal place)
A
plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly)
23
Q
transverse plane (horizontal place or cross-sectional plane)
A
plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
24
Q
-ology
A
the study of
25
anatomy
the study of the body structure
26
physiology
| physi/o
the study of body functions
| means nature
27
pathology
| path/o
the study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
means disease
28
pathophysiology
the study of changes in function caused by disease
29
etiology
| eti/o
the study of disease causes
| means to cause
30
-logist
means specialist
31
cardiologist
| cardi/o
vet who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the heart
combining form for heart
32
dermatologist
| dermat/o
vet who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
combining form for skin
33
arcade
to describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth
34
lingual surface
is the aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue
35
palatal surface
is the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue and the lingual surface is the tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue
36
```
buccal surface (vestibular surface)
vestibule
```
is the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek
| means space or cavity at an entrance
37
occlusal surface
are the aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews
38
labial surface
| labia
is the tooth surface facing the lip
| medical term for lips
39
contact surface
| divided into mesial/ distal
are the aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth
40
a body cavity
is a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs
41
the cranial cavity
is the hollow space that contains the brain in the skull
42
the spinal cavity
is the hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
43
the thoracic cavity or chest cavity
is the hollow space that contains that heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
44
the abdominal cavity
| the peritoneal
is the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
is the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
45
the pelvic cavity
is the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems' (urninary bladder and rectum) organs bounded by the pelvic bones
46
abdomen
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity
47
thorax
the chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm
48
groin
| inguinal area
the caudal region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh
49
membranes
are thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
50
peritoneum
the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and it cover the organs in the area
51
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
52
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
53
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
54
umbilicus
| navel
is the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus
55
mesentery
the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
56
retroperitoneal
means superficial to the peritoneum
57
recumbent
lying down
58
dorsal recumbency
lying on the back
59
ventral recumbency
| sternal recumbency
lying on the belly
60
left lateral recumbency
lying on the left side
61
right lateral recumbency
lying on the right side
62
prone
lying in ventral or sternal recumbency
63
supine
lying in dorsal recumbency
64
```
lay
laid
laying
lie
lain
lying
```
```
to put, place or prepare
past tense of lay
present tense of lay
to recline or be situated
past tense of lie
present tense of lie
```
65
adduction
means movement toward the midline
66
abduction
means movement away from the midline
67
flexion
means closure of a joint angle or reduction of the angle between two bones
68
extension
means straightening of a joint angle or increase in the angle between two bones
69
hyperflexion
is the palmar or plantar movement of the joint angles
70
hyperextension
is the dorsal movement of the joints beyond the reference angle
71
supination
is the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward
72
pronation
is the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
73
rotation
circular movement around an axis
74
cytology
| cyt/o
the study of cells
| combining form for cell
75
protoplasm
(prot/o)
-plasm
the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
first
means formative material of the cells
76
cell membrane (plasma membrane)
the structure lining the cell that protects cells content and regulates what goes in and out of the cell
77
cytoplasm
the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
78
nucleus
the structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane
79
nucleoplasm
is the material in the nucleus
80
chromosomes
the structures in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information
81
genetic disorder
inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
82
congenital
implies only that something faulty is present at birth
83
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
84
tissue
a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function
85
histology
| hist/o
the study of structure, composition, and function of tissue
| combing form of tissues
86
epithelial tissue or epithelium
cover internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
87
epi-
| -um
means above
| means structure
88
endoepithelium
| endo-
the cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs such as blood vessels
means within
89
mesoepithlium
| meso-
the cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as peritoneum
means middle
90
connective tissue
adds support and structure to the body holding the organs in place and binding body parts together
91
adipose
| adip/o
form of connective tissue; fat
| combining form for fat
92
muscle tissue
contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax
93
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
94
nervous tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
95
- plasia
| - trophy
used to describe formation, development, and growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
means formation, development and growth in the size of a organ or tissue or individual cells
96
anaplasia
is a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
97
aplasia
is lack of development of an organ or tissue or a cell
98
dyplasia
is abnormal growth or development of an organ or tissue or a cell
99
hyperplasia
is an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue
100
hypoplasia
is incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
101
neoplasia
tumor
benign
malignant
is any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal and progressive
mass of tissue
meaning not recurring
meaning tending to spread (life threatening)
102
-oma
means tumor or neoplasm
103
atrophy
decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell
104
dystrophy
defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
105
hypertrophy
increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
106
```
a- & ana-
hyper-
hypo-
dys-
neo-
```
```
means without
means more than normal
means less than normal
means bad
means new
```
107
glands
groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
108
exocrine glands
group of cells that secrete their chemical substances into duct that lead out of the body or to another organ
109
endocrine glands
group of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream which transports them throughout the body
110
organ
part of the body that performs special functions
111
bicornuate uterus
a uterus with two horns
112
unilateral
pertaining to one side
113
bilateral
pertaining to two sides
114
skeletal system
oste/o, oss/e, oss/i
anthr/o
chondr/o
support and shape, protects internal organs
bones
joints
cartilage
115
muscular system
my/o
fasc/i, fasci/o
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
locomotion, movement of body fluids, body heat generation
muscles
fascia
tendons
116
cardiovascular system
cardi/o
arteri/o
ven/o, phleb/o
hem/o, hemat/o
pumping mechanism delivers oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones to tissue
heart
arteries
veins
blood
117
lymphatic & immune systems
lymph/o
tonsill/o
splen/o
thym/o
provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissue, protect the body from harmful substances and invading pathogens
lymph vessels, fluid, and nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus
118
respiratory system
```
nas/o
pharyng/o
trache/o
laryng/o
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o
```
bring oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells, removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body
```
nose or nares
pharynx
trachea
larynx
lungs
```
119
digestive system
```
or/o, stomat/o
esophag/o
gastr/o
enter/o
col/o, colon/o
hepat/o
pancreat/o
```
digests ingested food, absorption of digested food, elimination of solid waste
```
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver
pancreas
```
120
urinary system
ren/o, nephr/o
ureter/o
cyst/o
urethr/o
filters blood to removes waste, maintains electrolyte balance, regulates fluid balance
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
121
nervous system & special senses
```
neur/o, neur/i
encephal/o
myel/o
opthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i
optic/o
ot/o, audit/o, aud/i
aur/i, aur/o
acoust/o, acous/o
```
coordinating mechanism, reception of stimuli, transmission of messages
```
nerves
brain
spinal cord
eyes
sight
ears
external ear
sound
```
122
integumentary system
dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o
protection of body, regulate body temp and water content
skin
123
endocrine system
```
adren/o
gonad/o
pineal/o
pituit/o
thyroid/o, thyr/o
```
integrates body functions, homeostasis, and growth with chemicals called hormones
```
adrenals
gonads
pineal
pituitary
thyroid
```
124
reproductive system
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o
ovari/o, oophor/o
hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i,metri/o, uter/o
production of new life
testes
ovaries
uterus
125
latin: uni-
greek: mono-
(unicorn, unilateral monochromatic, monocyte)
1
126
latin: duo- or bi-
greek: dyo-
(duet, bilateral, dyad)
2
127
latin & greek; tri
| trio, triceratops, triathlon
3
128
4latin: quadri- or quadro-
greek: tetr- or tetra-
(quadruplet, tetralogy, tetroxide)
4
129
5latin: quinqu- or quint-
greek: pent- or penta-
(quintet, pentagon)
5
130
6latin: sex-
greek: hex- or hexa-
(sexennial, hexose,hexagon)
6
131
7latin: sept- or septi-
greek: hept- or hepta-
(septuple, heptarchy)
7
132
8latin: octo-
greek: oct- , octo-, or octo-
(octave, octopus)
8
133
9latin: novem- or nonus-
greek: ennea-
(nonuple, ennead)
9
134
10latin: deca- or decem-
greek: dek- or deka-
(decade, dekanem)
10
