Ch 22

Question 1

What is meningitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the meninges

Meningitis can be diagnosed using a lumbar puncture to sample CSF.

Question 2

What is the primary method used to diagnose meningitis?

Answer 2

Lumbar puncture/spinal tap

This method samples cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify pathogens.

Question 3

What type of antibiotics are used before diagnosing meningitis?

Answer 3

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Chemotherapy is often initiated before the diagnosis to treat the infection.

Question 4

What is encephalitis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the brain

Question 5

What is meningoencephalitis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of both meningitis and encephalitis

Question 6

What is pneumococcal meningitis also known as?

Answer 6

Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

Question 7

What type of bacteria causes pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Gram positive, encapsulated diplococcus

Question 8

What age group is most commonly affected by pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 8

Children aged 1 month to 4 years

Question 9

How is pneumococcal meningitis prevented?

Answer 9

By conjugated vaccine

Question 10

What are prion diseases?

Answer 10

Diseases caused by abnormally folded proteins

Question 11

What condition does prion disease lead to in brain tissue?

Answer 11

Spongiform degeneration

Question 12

What is sheep scrapie?

Answer 12

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep

Question 13

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) also known as?

Answer 13

Mad cow disease

Question 14

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

Answer 14

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in humans

Question 15

What type of bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 15

Gram positive rod

Question 16

What serious condition can Listeria monocytogenes cause in pregnant women?

Answer 16

Stillbirth

Question 17

What is tetanus caused by?

Answer 17

Clostridium tetani

Question 18

What type of bacteria is Clostridium tetani?

Answer 18

Gram positive, endospore forming, obligate anaerobe

Question 19

What neurotoxin does Clostridium tetani release?

Answer 19

Tetanospasmin

Question 20

What is the result of tetanospasmin affecting the CNS?

Answer 20

Muscle spasms

Question 21

How often should the DTaP vaccine be boosted?

Answer 21

Every 10 years

Question 22

What is botulism caused by?

Answer 22

Clostridium botulinum

Question 23

What type of paralysis does botulism cause?

Answer 23

Flaccid paralysis

Question 24

What is infant botulism?

Answer 24

C. botulinum growing in intestines of infants

Question 25

What is a common prevention method for botulism?

Answer 25

Proper canning of foods

Question 26

What disease does the rabies virus cause?

Answer 26

Rabies

Question 27

How is rabies usually transmitted?

Answer 27

By saliva of animal bite

Question 28

What are the initial symptoms of rabies?

Answer 28

Muscle spasms of mouth and pharynx; hydrophobia

Question 29

What are the two forms of rabies observed in animals?

Answer 29

Furious (classical) rabies and paralytic (dumb or numb) rabies

Question 30

What does PEP stand for in rabies treatment?

Answer 30

Post exposure prophylaxis

Question 31

What does the TORCH screen test for?

Answer 31

Congenital infections in pregnant women

Question 32

What is Zika virus primarily transmitted by?

Answer 32

Aedes mosquito

Question 33

What is a significant risk associated with Zika virus during pregnancy?

Answer 33

Microcephaly in infants

Question 34

What type of organism is Cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 34

Fungus

Question 35

How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?

Answer 35

Respiratory route through dried contaminated droppings

Question 36

What type of bacteria is Treponema pallidum?

Answer 36

Bacteria that causes syphilis

Question 37

What cycle is the West Nile virus maintained in?

Answer 37

The bird-mosquito-bird cycle

Question 38

What can West Nile virus cause?

Answer 38

Poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis