Ch 26&27 NY & CAN

Question 1

Describe the location of NY

Answer 1

NY is in the NE of the US, bordering the Great Lakes and St Lawrence river to the N and W, and down to a small Atlantic coastline around Long Island in the SE
Canadian border to N
Due to severe weather upstate, plantings were made where large bodies of water would have moderating effect, namely along the Hudson, on lands bordering the Finger Lakes, and along the S shore of Lake Erie

Question 2

Describe the general climate conditions in NY

Answer 2

Annual temps are generally cool, different parts of the state experience very diff climatic influences

Question 3

Where does NY fit in terms of wine production relative to other states

Answer 3

NY is 3rd after CA and WA
Largest E coast producer

Question 4

What is the history of wine production in NY

Answer 4

Early settlers near the coast experimented unsuccessfully w/ vines brought from Europe
Viticulture only re-started in the mid-1800s using native American vines
Due to severe weather upstate, plantings were made where large bodies of water would have moderating effect, namely along the Hudson, on lands bordering the Finger Lakes, and along the S shore of Lake Erie
Following Prohibition’s repeal, winemaking was dominated by a few large wineries operating in the Finger Lakes w/ locally grown native vines and made wines brought in from CA
Years of failure led to belief that V vinifera vines could not withstand the tough WI conditions
1957 Dr Konstantin Frank succeeded in grafting Riesling and Chard to hardy rootstocks
NY’s Family Wine Act of 1976 allowed grape growers to open wineries and sell direct to public
Vineyards sprang up in previously unplanted areas of the state

Question 5

What is the name of the winery established by Dr Konstantin Frank

Answer 5

• Vinifera Wine Cellars

Question 6

What kicked off NY’s modern wine biz

Answer 6

There are 2 keys
1957 Dr Konstantin Frank succeeds in his experiments to graft Riesling and Chardonnay to hardy rootstocks, which allows his vines to succeed in over-wintering
In 1976, NY’s Farm Winery Act allowed grape growers to open wineries and sell directly to the public
After that, many new, small wineries were established, growing a mixture of native, hybrid and vinifera vines
2/3 of NYs 400+ wineries were established since Farm Winery Act

Question 7

How many AVAs are in NY state? Which are the most significant?

Answer 7

there are 10 AVAs
Finger Lakes AVA
Hudson River Region AVA
Long Island

Question 8

Describe the Finger Lakes AVA
Location
Relative size

Answer 8

W upstate NY, sitting below Lake Ontario and the Canada border
Largest wine producing region of NY
One of coldest AVAs in the US

Question 9

Describe the general growing environment of the Finger Lakes AVA

Answer 9

Continental, w/ warm SU, cold WI
Covers 11 finger-shaped lakes — not large, but very deep — that are so deep they can fail to freeze in WI, mitigating temps that could otherwise harm the vines

Question 10

Describe the specific effects of the Finger Lakes

Answer 10

Topography of the region — w/ slopes around the lakes — enables cold air to drain toward the water. As it reaches the lake, the air warms and rises, creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land
The lakes can generate their own lake-effect snow, which can also help insulate the vines in WI
Lakes provide warming influence in AU, enabling grapes to ripen over a longer period and reducing risk of AU frost
In SP, cool air from the lake delays bud burst, reducing chance of damage in SP frosts

Question 11

Which lakes are most of NYs Finger Lake vineyards located near? Which have their own sub- AVAs?

Answer 11

Canadaigua and Keuka (no sub)
Seneca and Cayuga (independent sub-AVAs)

Question 12

Where are most Finger Lakes AVA vineyards located?

Answer 12

Around 4 main lakes (Canadaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga)
On steeper areas where cold air flows down towards the lake rather than in the cold air pockets on the flat bench areas

Question 13

What vineyard practices and vine training are common in the Finger Lakes? Why?

Answer 13

Fertile soils and sufficient rainfall means that many vineyards are planted w/ low densities of large vines
Training and trellising systems such as Scott Henry are common, in which grape growers split the canopy either vertically or horizontally to allow greater air circulation (reducing fungal disease) and light penetration
Although snow can help insulate the vines in WI, many further protect by hilling up the soil to cover the graft union

Question 14

Grape(s) in the Finger Lakes AVA

Answer 14

historically, there were only cold-hardy hybrids such as Concord, Niagara, Cayuga, Vidal
Then Dr Konstantin Frank came to Cornell U Geneva Experimentation station in 1951 where he intro’d grating cool climate V vinifera
Riesling and CF — due to their ability to withstand cold WI temps — are the most planted white and black grapes respectively
Chardonnay widely planted for still & sparkling
Other popular = PN, Gewurz, CS, Merlot, PG
Hybrids and American also grown (mainly used in juice, jam, jelly)
Some hybrids w/ potential for quality = Traminette (Gewurz-like aromas, w/ higher acid, lower alc), and Vidal (used for ice wine)

Question 15

What is the most widely planted V. Vinifera grape in the Finger Lakes AVA

Answer 15

• Riesling

Question 16

Describe the style of Finger Lakes Riesling

Answer 16

Made in a variety of sweetness levels, though majority are dry to med-dry
High acid
M(-) to M body
Fresh flavors of apple, lemon, peach
Alcohol ranges from low to med depending on sweetness level
G to VG w/ some O
$$ to $$$

Question 17

Describe the general winemaking of Finger Lakes Rieslings

Answer 17

range of styles from dry to sweet, although most are dry to med-dry
Sweetness can be achieved via late harvest, botrytis, and/or stopping ferment early
Made protectively
Fermented at cool temps in SS
Some use a few hrs of skin contact before pressing to enhance flavor & texture
Some may keep on lees after ferment to enhance texture

Question 18

Describe the general profile of a Finger Lakes Chardonnay

Answer 18

used in still and sparkling, but still wines…
Usually M body
M+ to H acid
Citrus flavors
Often fermented & matured in oak to add texture and toasty flavors

Question 19

What is the most planted black grape in the Finger Lakes?
Ripening and implications

Answer 19

Cab Franc
Mid-ripening and winter hardy —> able to produce adequate yields of ripe grapes most years

Question 20

Describe general winemaking practices for Cab Franc in the Finger Lakes

Answer 20

Using less new oak than in the past
Many making at least one w/o any oak
Oak tends to be FRO or Hungarian, both of which tend to give subtler flavors than AMO which could overwhelm the wines

Question 21

Describe the profile of a Finger Lakes Cab Franc

Answer 21

M to M(-) body and tannins
Flavors of red cherry, cranberry and black plum; sometimes herbaceous note
May or may not have oak, oak often FRO or Hungarian
G to VG
$$

Question 22

Describe the location of the Long Island AVA

Answer 22

extends from Manhattan eastward to the Atlantic Ocean
Covers a large area at the easternmost end of the island, where it splits into 2 peninsulas — the North Fork and the Hamptons sub-AVAs

Question 23

Describe the general climactic conditions and growing environment of the Long Island AVA
Growing season and implications

Answer 23

Surrounded by water — Atlantic Ocean, Peconic Bay and Long Island Sound
Creates a Maritime climate
Long growing season b/c water bodies slowly release the accumulated summer heat into the AU and harvest period
B/c of long growing season, can ripen black BDX varieties, w/ Merlot as a signature variety

Question 24

Grape(s) in the Long Island AVA

Answer 24

Merlot is signature, able to ripen due to long growing season, facilitated by Maritime climate
Chardonnay
Sauv Blanc

Question 25

What challenges do growers in Long Island face? What mitigation steps taken?

Answer 25

high humidity = fungal disease, although windy weather in coastal sites can help mitigate Mitigation = spraying, leaf removal to improve air circ, grape sorting at the winery

Question 26

Is Organic grape growing common in Long Island AVA

Answer 26

Difficult in such a climate But, there are a # of local sustainable certification bodies

Question 27

How does the North Fork of Long Island differ from the test of the AVA?

Answer 27

North Fork is slightly warmer and more protected from the Atlantic Ocean’s weather events Contains the large majority of vineyards compared to the Hamptons

Question 28

Describe the soil and vine training in the Finger Lakes

Answer 28

silt loam Free draining and low in fertility which limits vigor Vines generally trained and trellised to VSP (vigor not as high as Finger Lakes)

Question 29

Grape(s) in Long Island

Answer 29

Merlot, CS, CF — single varietal or band SB, Riesling, PG Chard

Question 30

what is the general style of red wines of Long Island?

Answer 30

majority matured in oak, mostly FRO but some Hungarian and AMO % of new oak is common to add vanilla & clove to BDX varieties

Question 31

What is the general style of whites of Long Island?

Answer 31

PG is made in a dry, light-bodied style Whites generally fermented at cool temps in SS, fruity, un-oaked for early consumption Chard may be un-oaked or fermented and matured in oak, often also w/ MLF/C and lees aging, creating fuller-bodied, creamy, toasty style w/ M+ acid Generally G to VG, $$ to $$$

Question 32

What is a key route to market for both Long Island and Finger Lakes AVA

Answer 32

cellar door For Long Island, the proximity to Manhattan and the popular holiday destination of the Hamptons makes this especially important

Question 33

Describe the Hudson River Region AVA Location How long has it been in existence Size Soils

Answer 33

wine has been made continuously here for >300yr Contains the 1st commercial winery (est 1827) and oldest active winery in the US (est 1839) Today ~60 wineries Vast region stretching from N of NYC to S of Albany Vineyard plantings are small at 64ha River runs N to S and most vineyards located w/in a few kilometers/mi of it on glacial deposits of shale, slate, schist and limestone

Question 34

Describe the climate of Hudson River Region AVA and implications

Answer 34

Continental w/ warm SU and cold WI Spring frosts and WI freezes are problems Growers pile soils around trunks for the vines in winter to combat WI freezing

Question 35

Grape(s) in Hudson River Region AVA

Answer 35

both hybrids and cool climate V vinifera Hybrids include Seyval Blanc and Vidal Vinifera include Riesling, Chard, CF

Question 36

Describe the wine biz in NY

Answer 36

just over 470 wineries across the state, of which ~120 are Finger Lakes, 66 Long Island, 50 Hudson River Region Before NY Farm Winery act of 1976, production was dominated by a few large wineries which were producing large volumes of inexpensive wines (often American vine species) The Act allowed wineries to sell wines that they had vinified directly to consumers, subject to max 50k US gallons annually This law completely changed the dynamics of the industry. Many new small wineries were established, now w/ a viable market Smaller wineries produced FR hybrids and V vinifera, increasing quality of wines —> larger wineries either adapted or declined Most sales continue through cellar door; vast majority sold in-state

Question 37

What makes Canada less suitable, in general, for wine production

Answer 37

high latitude Extreme temperatures

Question 38

Where are most of Canada’s vineyards?

Answer 38

Vast majority in 2 provinces: Ontario (Niagara Peninsula) and British Columbia (Okanagan Valley) Small amounts are made in Nova Scotia and Quebec Lie between 41 and 51 degrees N latitude

Question 39

What is Canada’s wine industry most well known for?

Answer 39

Icewine Canada is now the world’s largest producer, although it only represents a small % of production Looking to build an international reputation for high quality sparkling wines

Question 40

What is the history of wine production in CAN?

Answer 40

commercial production began in early 19th century Initially American hybrids and later V. Labrusca which could withstand harsh winters Early 20th century, joined by FR hybrids, notably Vidal Blanc, which is still widely used for Icewine 1950s saw 1st V vinifera, and shift didn’t really start until 1980s

Question 41

What spurred CAN wine industry to adopt a more quality-minded approach in the late 1980s?

Answer 41

US-CAN trade deal opened up the Canadian wine market to American imports and removed subsidies from CAN growers Intro of an appellation system, the Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA) in Ontario and British Columbia

Question 42

How did Prohibition affect CAN?

Answer 42

CAN had Prohibition from 1916-1927 Unlike USA, wine industry was not adversely affected b/c wine was exempt The # of wineries actually INCREASED However, when most provinces repealed laws in 1920s, a system of provincial liquor boards and gov’t-run monopolies was intro’d, which still strictly control the sale and distribution of alcohol

Question 43

Describe CAN’s climate

Answer 43

generally considered cool climate, but that’s oversimplified 2 main wine regions are on opposite sides of country and even sub-regions w/in have diverse and distinct conditions Ontario and inland areas of BC (where vineyards are) have extreme continental climate SU regularly > 30C/86F WI can drop below -20C/-4F Vineyards are planted near lakes which moderate temps and reduce risk of WI freeze

Question 44

Explain how the location of vineyards in CAN affects the vines

Answer 44

Mainly planted near lakes that moderate temps In the WI, lake effect reduces the risk of WI freeze In SP, the water heats up slowly, delaying bud-break usually until after the risk of SP frost has passed (occasionally still an issue) Retains SU warmth into AU, extending growing season Cause higher levels of humidity, increasing fungal risk Usually creates enough snow to cover and protect vines, insulating them from cold air, although WI freeze can still be a concern Drought is an use inland in BC (rain shadow of 2 mountain ranges)

Question 45

Describe typical vineyard management practices in CAN

Answer 45

due to humidity from lakes, the canopy has to be as open as possible to improve air flow and reduce fungal risk (mildew, botrytis) VSP is most common Some experimenting w/ Geneva Double Curtain, Scott Henry and Lyre Hotter, drier areas (Okanagan) focusing on Organic and sustainable; main vineyard pests are insects such as moths, mealy bugs and leafhoppers, birds, and animas (deer, bears)

Question 46

Describe the growing season in CAN

Answer 46

Shorter growing season than than many regions Bud break as late as May, harvest starting in Aug Harvest can continue into November (b/c of diff varieties, diff styles) and even into Feb for Icewine Rain and autumn frost = significant vintage variation

Question 47

Is irrigation used in CAN?

Answer 47

in areas where drought is a regular concern, such as Okanagan Valley, irrigation systems have been installed Drip irrigation is most common

Question 48

what methods are used in CAN to protect vines in winter?

Answer 48

in areas w/ bitter cold (Prince Edward County) some producers bury their vines; however this is time-consuming, labor-intensive —> $$$$ Some experimenting w/ geo-textiles = fabrics draped over the vines In Okanagan and Simikameen Valleys where WI is not as cold, push up the level of the soil around grafts

Question 49

Grape(s) in Canada

Answer 49

hybrids have dominated for much of history Still significant hybrids in Ontario (40% in 2018) tho most are used in Int’l CAN Blends rather than VQA wines; only a small amount remains in BC due to late ‘80s vine pull scheme Most important hybrid is Vidal — FR hybrid used for majority of Icewine

Question 50

Describe the Vidal grape

Answer 50

FR hybrid High acidity (although not as high as Riesling) Slow ripening and thick skins make it suitable for sweet late-harvest wines and Icewine, even if not as aromatically complex or aging potential of finest Riesling Icewines Since 1980s, significant increase in vinifera, particularly BDX varieties: Merlot, CF and (less) CS, as well as PN, and aromatic whites such as PG, Gewurz, Riesling Some experimenting w/ Syrah, Viognier, Malbec

Question 51

Describe Vidal wine (whether dry or sweet)

Answer 51

high acidity (not as high as Riesling) Stone and tropical fruit such as peach & mango

Question 52

What can be said, generally, about winemaking in CAN?

Answer 52

increasingly looking to reduce intervention Ambient yeast Unfiltered wines More moderate use of new oak Increased use of neutral vessels In cooler regions and cooler years, chaptalization is sometimes used

Question 53

What rules are there for CAN Icewine production?

Answer 53

Canada trademarked the name Icewine Grapes must be harvested at -8C/18F or below Only wine made exclusively from grapes naturally frozen ON the VINE Exclusively grapes grown in CAN Either Vinifera or Vidal Rules around harvesting and winemaking procedures Min sugar levels prescribed (higher than GER Eiswiein) Artificial concentration or addition of sugar prohibited

Question 54

Describe CAN Icewine production

Answer 54

Grapes must be harvested at -8C/18F or below Some harvest by hand, but difficult to find pickers to work at night in cold so many now machine harvest Freezing concentrates sugars in grapes so very high sugar level in must means ferment often stops @~9-11%, leaving 200-250 g/L RS Often fermented and stored in SS to retain aromas of grape variety Oak maturation is sometimes used for extra flavor (vanilla, clove)

Question 55

Why is Icewine expensive to produce?

Answer 55

Yields are low, partly due to dehydration but also due to loss b/c of damage from bad weather, rot, animals while waiting for -8C temp Sometimes picked by hand

Question 56

What % of CAN volume is Icewine? % by export value?

Answer 56

represents only ~133% by volume Made up 58% of CAN bottled-wine exports by value

Question 57

Describe some of the general VQA rules

Answer 57

wines must be 100% vinifera or certain permitted hybrids Standards for grape growing and wine production such as min must weights and chaptalization limits Wines tested for eligibility thru sensory eval panel and lab analysis If single variety stated on label —> must be main 85% If 2 or more varieties on label —> those varieties must make up at least 95%

Question 58

What is the latitude range for Ontario’s vineyards? What European areas are at similar latitude?

Answer 58

mainly planted at 41-44N latitude Roughly equivalent of Central IT to BDX but with a significantly different climate

Question 59

Describe the location of Ontario’s vineyards

Answer 59

Mainly planted on or near the shores of the 2 Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario) which moderate extremes of Ontario’s continental climate

Question 60

How does the location of Ontario’s vineyards generally affect the style of the wines?

Answer 60

cooling influence of lakes means wines tend to be M+ to High acid However, due to long sunshine hrs during growing season, grapes develop ripe fruit flavors

Question 61

Describe the soils of Ontario vineyard land

Answer 61

Variety Clay and sand Lesser extent gravel & rocks Areas around the lakes have high concentration of limestone from an ancient seabed exposed over long period of glacial activity

Question 62

What % of CAN Icewine is produced in Ontario

Answer 62

- approx 90%

Question 63

For still, non-late harvest VQA wines in Ontario, what is the breakdown among Red, white, rosé?

Answer 63

Red and white are roughly equal rosé ~4%

Question 64

What grape(s) in Ontario?

Answer 64

Vidal (mainly for Icewine) is the most widely planted Grape varieties that can ripen in cool climates and survive cold winters dominate 2 most planted white vinifera are Riesling and Chardonnay CF is most planted black Merlot, PN, Gamay Noir

Question 65

Describe Ontario Riesling

Answer 65

high acidity Citrus, peach, floral Range from dry to sweet

Question 66

Describe Ontario Chardonnay

Answer 66

M+ to High acidity Apple and citrus typical of cooler climate, although some stone fruit and tropical can be found in warmer sites or vintages

Question 67

Describe Cab Franc wine from Ontario

Answer 67

fresh, elegant Red plum, red berry, green pepper, herbal Many age in oak for great texture & complexity Often used in BDX blends Also used for Icewine

Question 68

What are the primary appellations of Ontario?

Answer 68

Niagara Peninsula Lake Erie North Shore Prince Edward County

Question 69

What is the typical quality and price level in Ontario?

Answer 69

quality is G to VG w/ some outstanding Prices are typically $$ to $$$

Question 70

Significant producers of Ontario

Answer 70

Inniskillin Peller Estates

Question 71

Describe Niagara Peninsula Relative size General soils Generally where vineyards locate

Answer 71

largest wine producing region in Ontario (80% of vineyards) Diverse area From shores of Lake Ontario up to the Niagara Escarpment Wide variety of soils and microclimates Majority of vineyards situated on benches part way up the escarpment and on slopes just above them, although some situated above the escarpment

Question 72

Describe the climate of Niagara Peninsula

Answer 72

wide variety of micro climates Lake Ontario and Niagara Escarpment have major influence Lake Ontario is one of the deepest of the Great Lakes —> takes longer to warm up in spring, and longer to cool down in autumn The lake and escarpment aid in air circulation of the region

Question 73

Describe the airflow of the Niagara Peninsula

Answer 73

during WI, land away from lake cools quickly Cold air above land flows down the slope escarpment under influence of gravity At same time, relatively warm air over the lake rises and flows inland As cold air flows down escarpment, it is replaced by warm air above The lake and escarpment provide warming air flow in WI and cooling air flow in SU, prolonging the growing season + reducing fros and fungal disease

Question 74

What regional appellations are part of Niagara Peninsula

Answer 74

Niagara Escarpment Niagara-on-the-Lake

Question 75

Describe Niagara Escarpment

Answer 75

Covers the benches and gentle, N slopes of the escarpment (but not the land nearer to lake nor th plateau on top Combo of altitude and cooling lake breezes makes this the coolest part of the Peninsula = high acidity

Question 76

Grape(s) of Niagara Escarpment

Answer 76

Early ripening Chard & PN do well here Also CF and Riesling

Question 77

Describe Niagara-on-the-Lake

Answer 77

large area of relatively flat land along shores of Lake Ontario Directly W of the Niagara River Slightly warmer than the slopes of the escarpment

Question 78

Grape(s) of Niagara-on-the-Lake

Answer 78

Main grapes = Chard, Riesling, PN, CF Some looking more to BDX

Question 79

Describe Lake Erie North Shore

Answer 79

stretches along the gently-sloping shoreline of Lake Erie Includes a # of islands (incl Pelee Island) Vineyard area almost completely surrounded by water —> moderates temps Lake Erie is the shallowest lake of Great Lakes there fore it warms up more quickly in SP but cools down more quickly in AU —> freeze more of a risk One of the warmest in Ontario

Question 80

Grape(s) of Lake Erie North Shore

Answer 80

- Merlot, CF, CS

Question 81

Describe Prince Edward County General location Particular challenges and implications

Answer 81

toward E end of Lake Ontario Ontario’s most N appellation Almost entirely surrounded by water Fully exposed to WI winds coming over Lake Ontario from W Due to latitude, WI freeze a regular concern —> need to protect vines in WI either by burying or covering

Question 82

Soils of Prince Edward County

Answer 82

situated on broad limestone plateau w/ stony topsoil Conducts heat and radiates it at night, aiding ripening

Question 83

Grape(s) in Prince Edward County

Answer 83

PN and Chard are the most common Both characterized by extremely high acidity in all but warmest vintages

Question 84

Describe British Columbia

Answer 84

opposite side of CAN from Ontario 2 very distinct areas — small # of vineyards close to Pacific Coast w/ cool maritime climate AND majority of area is inland, sheltered from Maritime by mountain ranges, where Okanagan Valley is largest app. Further N than Ontario @48-51N latitude Growing season is shorter but during season, days are longer Long hot summer w/ cool nights and wide diurnal

Question 85

Very broadly, what style of wine comes from British Columbia’s climate?

Answer 85

b/c of wide diurnal range, grapes develop ripe fruit flavors while retaining high levels of acidity

Question 86

Grape(s) in British Columbia

Answer 86

virtually equal mouths of red and white produced Merlot most planted red/black PN and CS PG is most planted white Chardonnay

Question 87

General quality and price level of British Columbia

Answer 87

G to VG w/ some O $$ to $$$

Question 88

Describe Okanagan Valley

Answer 88

makes up almost 85% of British Columbia’s vine plantings Wide range of climates from cool N end (one of most N in the world) to hot desert conditions in the S Majority of soils are glacial deposits — particularly loams, becoming increasingly sandy in S As a result irrigation is essential (provided by lakes) Characterized by a chain of lakes which play important role in moderating the hot summer and cold WI temps Annual rainfall ~300mm to 400mm

Question 89

Is organic viticulture common in Okanagan Valley?

Answer 89

low rainfall (300-400mm) = dry conditions —> pests and diseases are not much of a problem So, organic viticulture is on the rise

Question 90

Describe the climate of Okanagan Valley

Answer 90

approx 300-400mm rain/yr Extreme continental climate WI cold, although not cold enough to need to bury vines SP frost a concern so vineyards generally planted mid-slope to reduce risk Growing season relatively short but days are long SU can be hot — can reach 40C/ 104F despite lake effect But altitude (300-600m) —> nights are cool = diurnal range

Question 91

Grape(s) in Okanagan Valley

Answer 91

N end on E-facing slopes —> cooler climate —> PN, PG, Riesling, Chard, Gewurz Hotter, S end, Merlot, CF, CS and Syrah

Question 92

Describe the Similkameen Valley

Answer 92

in the W of the Okanagan Valley Rugged, rocky Valley w/ narrow strip of ag land High mountains on either side funnel constant winds down the valley Climate sim to Okanagan Valley except that w/o any lakes to moderate temps, SU very hot and mountains trap heat in the valley later Ito p.m. Once temps drop, due to altitude (400-500m), nights are cold, creating an even wider diurnal range

Question 93

Grape(s) of Similkameen Valley

Answer 93

- Merlot, PN, CS, Chard

Question 94

Describe Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands and Fraser Valley

Answer 94

small coastal regions Cool maritime climate moderated by Pacific Ocean Mild WI w/ no concern of WI freeze SU cooler and wetter than elsewhere in BC Fungal disease a problem

Question 95

What is the state of imports/ exports of CAN wine?

Answer 95

w/ notable exception of Icewine, almost all CAN wine is consumed domestically Domestic wine consumption has been on increase Due to low production and inability to produce full-bodied, ripe wines of lower lattice climates, demand exceeds supply CAN is a large net importer of wine

Question 96

What are the top export markets for CAN

Answer 96

- China, USA, S Korea, Hing Kong, Japan

Question 97

What is the typical wine biz in CAN

Answer 97

vineyards in CA tend to be small (esp BC) Owned by both growers and estates Majority grow their own grapes Many supplement w/ grapes purchased Many growers have moved into wine production contributing to a large increase in the # of wineries particularly in BC