Ch 3

Question 1

Cell wall of prokaryotic con

Answer 1

Peptidoglycan provides rigidity to bacterial cell walls preventing walls from lysing

Question 2

Gram - positive

Answer 2

Thick layer of peptidogycan that contains Teichoic acids & lipoteichoic acids

Question 3

Gram- negative

Answer 3

This layer of peptidoglycon surrounded by an outer membrane. The outer layer of the outer membrane is lipopolysaccharicle.

Question 4

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 4

phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. Surrounds the cytoplasm which separates it from the external environment . Also transmits information about the external environment to the inside of the cell

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

Carrie the genetic information of the cell

Question 6

Chromosome

Answer 6

Carries genetic information required by cell typically a single circular double stranded DNA molecules

Question 7

Plasmid

Answer 7

Generally carries only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations

Question 8

Endospore

Answer 8

A type of dormant, so that is extraordinarily resistant to heat, desiccation, ultraviolet, light and toxic chemicals

Question 9

Cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Pro Tien framework involved in cell division, and control of cell shape

Question 10

Granules

Answer 10

Accommodation of high molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient available in relative excess

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Involved in protein synthesis to subunits 30 us and 50 S join to form the 70 S ribosome

Question 12

Prokaryotic cell compared to eukaryotic cell

Answer 12

Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus, no organelles usually have a single circular chromosome in a nucleoid region
Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus have organelles have a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane, and contain multiple chromosomes, tend to be larger

Question 13

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have

Answer 13

The cell membrane, DNA ribosomes

Question 14

Prokaryotic cells, ( bacteria, archaea )

Answer 14

No nucleus, DNA is concentrated in a nucleoid no organelles
bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea: pseudopeptidoglycan cell walls
Divides by binary fission

Question 15

Eukaryotic

Answer 15

Has a nucleus that houses DNA
Has organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls when present like in plant cells
Humans do not have a cell wall
Divide by mitosis

Question 16

Prokaryotic cell components

Answer 16

Flagella
Pili
Capsule
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid where the DNA is concentrated
Ribosomes
Endospores

Question 17

Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 17

Coccus shaped
Gram-positive bacteria causes disease such as strep throat

Question 18

E.Coli

Answer 18

Rod shaped, gram-negative, bacillus bacteria normally found in the intestines of healthy humans. Most strains are harmless. Some strains can cause illness.

Question 19

H.Pylori

Answer 19

Spiral bacterium gram-negative common cause of stomach ulcers

Question 20

Flagella

Answer 20

Flagella involved in bacteria motility
Spin like propellers to move cells
Long proteins structure
Some important and diseases
Number an arrangement help with characterization of bacteria
Polar flagellum: single flagellum at one end of cell
some bacteria have tuft at one or both ends

Question 21

Flagella in bacteria

Answer 21

Three parts
Filament, flagellin, protein
Hook
Basal body

Question 22

Pili

Answer 22

Shorter than flagella
Made of proteins
Common pili allows bacteria cells to attach to surfaces via twitching gliding
Sex pilus
used to join bacteria for DNA transfer and bacterial conjugation
Plasmids can be transferred to another bacteria this way
Mechanism involved in spreading antibiotic resistance

Question 23

Chemotaxis

Answer 23

Bacteria, sense, chemicals, and move accordingly
Nutrients me attract toxins may repel
Movement a series of runs and tumbles
Other responses observed

Question 24

Aerotaxis

Answer 24

Oxygen

Question 25

Thermotaxes

Answer 25

Temperature

Question 26

Phototaxis

Answer 26

Light

Question 27

Capsules and slime layers

Answer 27

Gel like layer outside the wall that protects or allows attachment to surfaces Capsule distinct gelatinous Slime layer defuse, irregular Most composed of glycocalyx sugar shell, although some are polypeptides Allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces once attached cells can grow as biofilm

Question 28

Bio film problems in medicine

Answer 28

Polymer in case community of microbes Some capsules allow bacteria to invade host immune system Dental plaques are common bile from the form in teeth

Question 29

Cell wall prevents cell lysis

Answer 29

Strong and rigid structure prevents cell lysis

Question 30

Penicillin and gram staining

Answer 30

Gram-positive are generally more susceptible Gram-negative are generally less susceptible

Question 31

Cell wall is made from peptidoglycan

Answer 31

Alternating series of subunits form, glycan sugar, chains Interconnected like in chains, form a large sheet A tetra peptide chain string of four amino acid link glycan chains

Question 32

Glycan chains

Answer 32

N acetylmuramic acid B acetylglucosamine

Question 33

What type of peptidoglycan layer do gram-positive cell walls have

Answer 33

Thick layer and contain techoic acid

Question 34

Gram-negative cell wall

Answer 34

Thin peptidoglycan layer Has an outer membrane Embedded with proteins Porins lipoprotein lipopolysaccharides

Question 35

Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 35

Important, medically signals immune system of invasion by Graham negative bacteria Also called an Endo toxin Stimulate immune system

Question 36

Gram stain

Answer 36

Gram-positive, bacteria, stain, purple Graham negative bacteria stain, pink, or red

Question 37

Purpose of gram staining

Answer 37

Gram staining can provide an early indication of the potential bacteria, causing a patient’s infection through visualization

Question 38

Antibacterial substances that target peptidoglycan

Answer 38

Peptidoglycan makes good target since it’s unique to bacteria and can weaken points were unable to prevent cell lysis Penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis because it prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains Lysozyme break bonds, linking alternating subunits of like in chains

Question 39

Where is Lysozyme found

Answer 39

It’s found in tears and saliva or other bodily fluids, and it destroys the structural integrity of peptidoglycan molecules

Question 40

Bacteria that lack a cell wall

Answer 40

Mycoplasma have extremely variable shape Penicillin and lysozyme do not affect Cytoplasmic membrane contain steroids, increase strength Walking pneumonia is caused by mycoplasma bacteria

Question 41

The cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 41

The cytoplasmic membrane defines boundary of cell and helps prevent lysis and protects the cell Phospholipid bilayer of embedded with proteins Hydrophobic fatty acid tails face in hydrophilic heads face out membrane is semi permeable Proteins serve numerous functions, selective gates centers of environmental conditions,

Question 42

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 42

Proteins drift about in lipid bilayer

Question 43

Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 43

Protect cells and defines a boundary of the cell Semi permeable membrane Transports let’s nutrients in and waste out Senses the environment ATP energy production

Question 44

Permeability of lipid bilayer

Answer 44

Cytoplasmic membrane a selectively permeable O2 CO2 N2 are small hydrophobic molecules, and water pass freely Some cells facilitate water passage with aquaPorins Others must move the membrane via transport system, ATP

Question 45

Passive transport

Answer 45

No energy needed substances move from high concentration to low concentration Movement down gradient no ATP required Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport

Question 46

Active transport

Answer 46

Requires energy Substances move from low concentration to high concentration. Movement is a against the concentration gradient. Via proton motive, force, and the use of ATP

Question 47

Passive transports

Answer 47

Simple, diffusion movement of small soluble molecules from high to low concentration speed depends on the Facilitated diffusion, involves a membrane transport proteins Osmosis, passive transport of water, cost us a membrane, diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane due to an unequal concentration from an area of high water to an area of lower water. Concentration and water can move via simple diffusion of facilitated diffusion.

Question 48

Osmotic pressure

Answer 48

The pressure exerted on sells by the water concentration in their environment Water by nature moves where there are more solutes If there is more salt inside the south and outside, water moves into the cell vice versa

Question 49

Isotonic solution

Answer 49

Solute concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

Question 50

Hypotonic solution

Answer 50

Solution has less salute then cell

Question 51

Hypertonic solution

Answer 51

Solution has more solute then cell

Question 52

Electron transport chain

Answer 52

Embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes Plays a crucial role in converting energy into to ATP In eukaryotic cells, etc, occurs in the mitochondrial membrane Etc creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane in the membrane is called proton motive force, which is harvested to drive cellular processes, including ATP synthesis, and some forms of transport

Question 53

DNA

Answer 53

Singular circular piece of DNA Packed tightly via binding proteins and super coiling Genetic material is essential for life Found in the nucleotide region of the cytoplasm

Question 54

Plasmids

Answer 54

Small circular, super coiled, DNA May or may not be present in a cell A bacteria cell has zero placements, one or many Not essential for life, but provide advantage Usually much smaller few to a hundred several genes May share with other bacteria, antibiotic resistance can spread this way

Question 55

Ribosomes

Answer 55

Found in cells cytoplasm Made up of rRNA and proteins Help make proteins in the cell Relative size expressed as S Svedberg unit Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70 S made from 30 S and 50 S Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S made from 40 S and 60 S

Question 56

Internal components of prokaryotic cells

Answer 56

Cytoskeleton which provides framework Gas vesicles provides buoyancy or the tendency to float in water Storage granules accommodations of polymers synthesized from nutrient available the next test Endospores you need type of dormant, so may remain dormant for 100 years or longer. Endospores are extremely resistant to heat found virtually anywhere.

Question 57

Endospores

Answer 57

Sporulation endosperm formulation triggered by carbon, nitrogen, limitation or starvation conditions and is an eight hour process and is formed and released by the mother cell Germination vegetative cell grows one hour to two hours is how big is the Grogan and is triggered by heat chemical exposure

Question 58

Archaea similar get different from bacteria

Answer 58

Bacteria and arche has general structure of cytoplasmic membranes with different lipid compositions Lipid tales of Achaea are not fatty acids and are connected differently to glycerol Archaea cell membrane is composed with either linkages with branch isoprene chains Bacteria cell membrane is composed with Ather linkages with unbranched fatty acid

Question 59

Archaea versus bacteria

Answer 59

Archaea cells lack peptidoglycan Some contain a structurally, similar substance called pseudo peptidoglycan The genomes of our care or longer and more complex, and those are bacteria