Ch 3

Question 1

enzymes

Answer 1

catalysts; increase the rate of chemical reactions

Question 2

structural proteins

Answer 2

physical support and shape

Question 3

motility proteins

Answer 3

contraction and movement

Question 4

regulatory proteins

Answer 4

control and coordinate cell function

Question 5

transport proteins

Answer 5

move substances into and out of cells

Question 6

signaling proteins

Answer 6

communication between cells

Question 7

receptor proteins

Answer 7

enable cells to respond to chemical stimuli from the environment

Question 8

defensive proteins

Answer 8

protect against disease

Question 9

storage proteins

Answer 9

reservoirs of amino acids

Question 10

protein

Answer 10

polypeptide that has a unique 3D shape and is biologically active

Question 11

monomeric proteins

Answer 11

consist of a single polypeptide

Question 12

multimeric proteins

Answer 12

consist of two or more polypeptides

Question 13

dimers, trimers

Answer 13

two, three polypeptides respectively

Question 14

primary structure

Answer 14

amino acid sequence

Question 15

secondary structure

Answer 15

folding into a-helix or B-sheet

Question 16

tertiary structure

Answer 16

3D folding of a single polypeptide chain

Question 17

quaternary structure

Answer 17

association of multiple polypeptides to form a multimeric protein

Question 18

fibrous proteins

Answer 18

extensive regions of repetitive secondary structure (ie: keratin, collagen)

Question 19

globular proteins

Answer 19

folded into compact structures

Question 20

domain

Answer 20

locally folded unit of tertiary structure, usually with a specific function

Question 21

nucleic acids

Answer 21

store, transmit, and express genetic information; linear polymers of nucleotides

Question 22

polysaccharides

Answer 22

long chain polymers of sugars and sugar derivatives; function for structure and storage

Question 23

oligosaccharides

Answer 23

short polymers sometimes attached to cell surface proteins

Question 24

monosaccharides

Answer 24

monomers of polysaccharides

Question 25

aldehyde (aldosugar)

Answer 25

sugar with a terminal carbonyl group

Question 26

ketone (ketosugar)

Answer 26

sugar with an internal carbonyl group

Question 27

glucose

Answer 27

most common monosaccharide

Question 28

maltose

Answer 28

two glucose units linked

Question 29

lactose

Answer 29

one glucose linked to galactose

Question 30

sucrose

Answer 30

one glucose linked to fructose

Question 31

starch

Answer 31

storage polysaccharide of plant cells

Question 32

glycogen

Answer 32

storage polysaccharide of animal cells and bacteria

Question 33

cellulose

Answer 33

structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls

Question 34

lipids

Answer 34

energy storage, membrane structure, specific biological functions (ie: signal transmission)

Question 35

fatty acids

Answer 35

long, amphipathic, unbranched hydrocarbon chain (tail) with a carboxyl group (head) at one end

Question 36

saturated fatty acids

Answer 36

each carbon atom in the chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogens

Question 37

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 37

contain one or more double bonds, causing bends in the chains (less tightly packed)

Question 38

trans fats

Answer 38

unsaturated fatty acid with less of a bend in the chain; linked to increased cholesterol and risk for heart disease

Question 39

trigylcerides

Answer 39

glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached

Question 40

glycerol

Answer 40

three carbon alcohol with an OH group on each carbon

Question 41

phospholipids

Answer 41

amphipathic

Question 42

phosphoglycerides

Answer 42

predominant phospholipids in most membranes, made of phosphatidic acid

Question 43

phosphatidic acid

Answer 43

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Question 44

sphingolipids

Answer 44

made up of sphingosine- long hydrocarbon chain with a single site of unsaturation near polar end

Question 45

glycolipids

Answer 45

lipids containing a carbohydrate instead of a phospholipid; occur mostly in outer monolayer of the plasma membrane

Question 46

steroids

Answer 46

derivatives of a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton; nonpolar/hydrophobic

Question 47

terpenes

Answer 47

synthesized from the five carbon compound isoprene