exam 2 TYK

Question 1

location of lipid synthesis

Answer 1

smooth ER

Question 2

what type of kinetics do carrier proteins display

Answer 2

michaelis menten

Question 3

which vitamin are NAD and FAD derived from

Answer 3

B vitamins

Question 4

The coenzyme ______ donates _______ to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.

Answer 4

NADH, electrons

Question 5

organisms that can function in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

Answer 5

facultative

Question 6

Glycolysis is a ___ step reaction sequence that converts glucose into _____ and generates a net total of ___ ATPs

Answer 6

10, pyruvate, 2

Question 7

Oxidation is the removal of_______, which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called _____________ in biological systems

Answer 7

electrons, dehydrogenation

Question 8

which is not an active transporter?
symporters
P-class pumps
permeases
bacteriorhodopsin
ABC transporters

Answer 8

permeases

Question 9

The Na+/K+-ATPase pump actively moves ______ in and ______ out

Answer 9

2 K+, 3 Na+

Question 10

causes plasmolysis of plan cell membranes

Answer 10

hypertonic solution

Question 11

transporter that is defective in kidney water balance disorders

Answer 11

aquaporin

Question 12

most prominent lipids in animal cell membranes

Answer 12

phospholipids

Question 13

what diffuses across membranes?
water
glucose
oxygen
serine
hydrogen ions

Answer 13

oxygen

Question 14

covalent modification

Answer 14

-can activate an enzyme
-affects the activity of an enzyme by adding or removing a chemical group
- can involve the addition of phosphate groups
- produces modifications that can sometimes be reversed

Question 15

H2O2 detoxification

Answer 15

peroxisomes

Question 16

the electron transport chain generates ______________

Answer 16

reactive oxygen species

Question 17

glycolytic intermediates

Answer 17

1. glucose
2. G6P
3. F6P
4. F-16BP
5. DHAP and G3P
6. 1,3-BPG
7. 3-phosphoglycerate
8. 2-phosphoglycerate
9. phosphoenol pyruvate
10. pyruvate

Question 18

3 key enzymes of glycolytic regulation

Answer 18

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase

Question 19

alternative substrates for glycolysis

Answer 19

galactose, mannose, lactose, fructose

Question 20

alternative roles of glycolytic enzymes

Answer 20

transcriptional activation and repression, apoptosis inhibition, and stimulation of cell migration

Question 21

gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

converts pyruvate or lactate into glucose

Question 22

products of fermentation

Answer 22

propionate, butyrate, ethanol, lactate

Question 23

T or F: the transport of a solute carrier can be adjusted to the Michaelis Menten eqn

Answer 23

true

Question 24

accumulation of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum happens through ___________

Answer 24

a Ca2+-ATPase

Question 25

4 types of sugar that can be added to a protein

Answer 25

galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid

Question 26

extraction of integral membrane proteins requires _____________

Answer 26

a detergent such as SDS

Question 27

Xenopus oocytes

Answer 27

used to expressed proteins such as ion channels and allow electrophysiological studies

Question 28

lipid rafts

Answer 28

Localized regions of plasma membranes that contain cholesterol and proteins involved in cell signaling

Question 29

SDS-page

Answer 29

separates denatured proteins based on size

Question 30

lipid raft functions

Answer 30

- responding to extracellular signals - transport of nutrients across cell membranes - immune responses - transport of cholera toxin into cells

Question 31

glycosylation

Answer 31

addition of sugars to lipids or proteins (the addition of a carbohydrate side chain to another molecule)

Question 32

most common number of carbons in fatty acid hydrocarbon chains of membrane phospholipids

Answer 32

16 C

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

decreases membrane fluidity at high temps

Question 34

enzyme regulation

Answer 34

feedback inhibition, covalent modification or allosteric regulation

Question 35

Mixed-type inhibitors will affect the ________ of an enzymatic reaction

Answer 35

Km and Vmax

Question 36

T or F: the equation A–PO4 + B → A + B−PO4 would be catalyzed by ligase

Answer 36

false (it would be transferase)

Question 37

The rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzymes usually ________ with temperature; however, at temperatures above the optimum range ________

Answer 37

increases, protein denaturation occurs