Ch. 3-5 Study Guide Flashcards
(44 cards)
Technology
-Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Examples include tools, machines, and systems that improve efficiency.
What is an Invention?
-New product, system, or process that has never existed before.
Inventions can lead to technological advancements.
What does Cultural Universal refer to?
-Element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures.
Examples include family structures, language, and religious practices.
What is Culture lag?
-Period of time it takes for society to adapt to changes.
It highlights the disconnect between material and nonmaterial culture.
Explain the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
-Theory that language influences thought and perception.
It suggests that speakers of different languages may think differently.
Define Law in a sociological context.
-System of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions.
Laws regulate behavior and maintain order in society.
What is Argot?
-Specialized language of a particular group.
Often used to convey meanings that are specific to that group.
Define Subculture.
-Cultural group within a larger culture that has its own distinct values and behaviors.
Examples include goths, skaters, and hip-hop culture.
What does Ethnocentrism mean?
–Belief in the superiority of one’s own culture.
It often leads to viewing other cultures through the lens of one’s own.
Define Norm.
-Societal rules that define acceptable behavior.
Norms guide how individuals act in social situations.
What is Value in sociology?
-Shared belief about what is good or bad.
Values influence behavior and societal norms.
What does Xenocentrism refer to?
-Preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else’s culture over one’s own.
It can reflect a lack of appreciation for one’s own culture.
What is Dominant ideology?
-Set of beliefs and values that support the interests of the ruling class.
It shapes societal norms and influences culture.
Define Counterculture.
-Cultural movement that actively rejects and opposes the dominant culture.
Examples include the hippie movement and punk culture.
What is Nonmaterial culture?
-Intangible aspects of a culture, such as beliefs, values, and norms.
It contrasts with material culture, which includes physical objects.
Give an example of globalization in relation to major corporations.
Wal-Mart, Starbucks, and McDonald’s in various world markets.
These companies adapt their business models to different cultural contexts.
Define Anticipatory socialization.
-Process of learning and adopting the norms and values of a group one aspires to join.
It prepares individuals for future roles.
What is Resocialization?
-Process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors when an individual undergoes a change in life.
It often occurs in total institutions.
What is a Rite of passage?
-Ceremony marking an important transitional period in a person’s life.
Examples include graduations, weddings, and coming-of-age rituals.
Define Total institution.
-Organization where individuals are cut off from the wider society and lead an enclosed and administered life.
Examples include prisons and mental hospitals.
What is the Cognitive Theory of Development?
-Theory that focuses on how people understand and think about the world around them.
It emphasizes the role of mental processes in development.
What was Harlow’s study involving rhesus monkeys about?
-Demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development.
Monkeys preferred comfort over food when given a choice.
Explain Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self Theory.
-The concept that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
It emphasizes the social basis of self-identity.
What is Mead’s theory of the development of self?
-The theory that the self develops through social interaction and the internalization of societal expectations.
It involves stages: preparatory, play, and game.
