Ch. 3

Question 1

processes of life

Answer 1

growth
reproduction
responsiveness
metabolism

Question 2

prokaryotic taxa

Answer 2

domain archaea

domain bacteria

Question 3

prokaryote distinctions

Answer 3

make proteins simultaneously to reading genetic code
no nucleus, has nucleiod
typically 1 micrometer or smaller

Question 4

eukaryotic taxa

Answer 4

domain eukarya

Question 5

eukaryotic distinctions

Answer 5

have a membrane around DNA forming nucleus
have organelles
typically 10-100 micrometers in diameter

Question 6

external structures of bacteria

Answer 6

glycocalyces
flagella
fimbriae
pili

Question 7

glycocalyx

Answer 7

gelatinous sticky substance outside the cell

composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

Question 8

capsule

Answer 8

organized repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to cell surface

Question 9

slime layer

Answer 9

loose, water soluble glycocalyx

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

long structures that extend beyond cell surface and propel cell through its environment

Question 11

flagella structure

Answer 11

long thin filament (flagellin)
hook
basal body

Question 12

serovars

Answer 12

classification based on proteins associated with flagella

Question 13

flagellar arrangements

Answer 13

peritrichous
polar
endoflagella

Question 14

spirochetes

Answer 14

spiral shaped bacteria

e.g. syphilis, lymes disease

Question 15

flagellar movement

Answer 15

360 like propeller
runs and tumbles
taxis (movement in response to stimulus)

Question 16

fimbriae

Answer 16

sticky bristle like projections
shorter than flagella
to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment
function in biofilms

Question 17

biofilms

Answer 17

slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate by means of fimbriae and glycocalyces

Question 18

pili (pilus)

Answer 18

longer than fimbriae, shorter than flagella
typically 1 to a few per cell
mediate transfer of DNA from on e cell to another via conjugation

Question 19

cocci

Answer 19

spherical shape cells

Question 20

streptococci

Answer 20

chains of cocci

Question 21

staphylococci

Answer 21

clusters of cocci

Question 22

bacilli

Answer 22

rod shaped cells

Question 23

bacterial cell wall composition

Answer 23

peptidoglycan composed of alternating sugars:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 24

gram-positive cell walls

Answer 24

thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acid and/or lipoteichoic acids; negatively charged
retains crystal violet dye

Question 25

acid-fast bacteria

Answer 25

have mycolic acid; a waxy lipid | require acid-fast stain

Question 26

gram negative cell walls

Answer 26

thin layer of peptidoglycan inner leaflet made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) porins periplasmic space

Question 27

porins

Answer 27

channels through leaflets of gram-negative cells that allow membrane transport

Question 28

LPS

Answer 28

contains lipid A; termed endotoxin | lipid A triggers symptoms such as fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting.

Question 29

periplasmic space

Answer 29

between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Question 30

Do all bacteria have cell walls?

Answer 30

No. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an example

Question 31

passive processes

Answer 31

electrochemical gradient provides energy diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis

Question 32

diffusion

Answer 32

movement of a chemical down its concentration gradient

Question 33

facilitated diffusion

Answer 33

proteins facilitation diffusion of larger molecules

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 35

isotonic

Answer 35

no net loss or gain of water

Question 36

hypertonic

Answer 36

higher concentration of solutes | causes cell to shrivel (crenation)

Question 37

hypotonic

Answer 37

lower concentration of solutes | causes cell to swell

Question 38

active processes

Answer 38

``` active transport (requires ATP) group translocation ```

Question 39

bacterial cytoplasm

Answer 39

``` cytosol inclusions ribosomes cytoskeleton (in many) endospores (in some) ```

Question 40

inclusions

Answer 40

include deposits of lipids, starch, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, glycogen, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Question 41

endospores

Answer 41

not reproductive vegetative, dormant cell extremely resistant to drying, heat, radiation, lethal chemicals contain dipicolinic acid

Question 42

prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 42

70S (S = size expressed as svedbergs)

Question 43

eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 43

80S

Question 44

external structures of archaea

Answer 44

glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, hamus (in some)

Question 45

archaea glycocalyx

Answer 45

important in biofilm formation | not pathogenic

Question 46

hamus (pl. hami)

Answer 46

proteinaceous, fimbriae-like structures

Question 47

plant cell walls

Answer 47

composed of cellulose

Question 48

fungi cell walls

Answer 48

composed of cellulose, chitin, and/or glucomannan

Question 49

algae cell walls

Answer 49

composed of cellulose, proteins, agar, carrageen, silicates, agin, calcium carbonate, or combination

Question 50

endocytosis

Answer 50

active transport in eukaryotic cells phagocytosis (solid into cell) pinocytosis (liquid into cell) nutrients enclosed in a vesicle

Question 51

exocytosis

Answer 51

opposite of endocytosis

Question 52

cilia

Answer 52

unique to eukaryotic cells motile, interns hairlike structures tubulin in 9+2 arrangement of pairs in shafts, 9+0 in triplets of basal bodies

Question 53

membranous organelles

Answer 53

``` nucleus ER golgi body mitochondria lysosomes peroxisomes vacuoles vesicles ```

Question 54

lysosomes

Answer 54

contain catabolic enzymes that damage the cell

Question 55

peroxisomes

Answer 55

vesicles derived from ER, containing oxidase, catalase

Question 56

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 56

Lynn Margulis theory that eukaryotes formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes (became mitochondria) and large anaerobic prokaryotes