Ch. 4

Question 1

microscopy

Answer 1

use of light or electrons to magnify objects

Question 2

resolution

Answer 2

aka resolving power

ability to distinguish objects that are close together

Question 3

contrast

Answer 3

differences in intensity between 2 objects

Question 4

light microscopy

Answer 4

bright-field 
dark-field 
phase
fluorescent 
confocal

Question 5

bright-field microscope

Answer 5

background illuminated
simple (single magnifying lens)
compound (series of lens)

Question 6

dark-field microscope

Answer 6

specimen appears bright against dark background

Question 7

phase microscope

Answer 7

used to examine living microorganisms
phase-contrast (useful for cilia and flagella)
differential interference contrast (3D appearance)

Question 8

fluorescent microscope

Answer 8

use UV to fluoresce objects

Question 9

confocal microscope

Answer 9

use fluorescent dyes/antibodies and UV lasers
3D picture of thick structure
detailed sectional views of interior of intact cell

Question 10

electron microscopy

Answer 10

can magnify 10,000X - 100,000X
transmission
scanning

Question 11

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Answer 11

generates beam of electrons that produce an image on a fluorescent screen

Question 12

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Answer 12

focuses electrons back and forth across the specimen’s surface coated with platinum or gold
up to 10,000X

Question 13

probe microscopy

Answer 13

up to 100,000,000X
scanning tunneling
atomic force

Question 14

smear

Answer 14

thin film of organisms

Question 15

simple stains

Answer 15

single basic dye such as
crystal violet
safranin
methylene blue

Question 16

differential stains

Answer 16

gram stain
acid-fast stain
endospore stain
gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain
hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain

Question 17

gram stain

Answer 17

Hans Christian Gram
purple staining gram positive
pink staining gram negative
1. primary stain (crystal violet)
2. mordant (iodine)
3. decolorizer (ethanol/acetone)
4. counterstain (safranin)

Question 18

acid-fast stain

Answer 18

stains mycobacterium and nocardia (high mycolic acid)

1. red primary stain (carbolfuchsin)
2. decolorizer (HCl and alcohol)
3. counterstain (methylene blue)

Question 19

endospore stain

Answer 19

bacillus and clostridium

uses heat to drive malachite green into the endospore, decolorized with water, counterstained with safranin

Question 20

histological stains

Answer 20

GMS: presence of fungi and carbohydrates
HE: delineate features of histological specimens

Question 21

special stains

Answer 21

negative (aka capsule stains; stain the background)
flagellar
fluorescent

Question 22

taxa

Answer 22

groups of organisms based on mutual similarities

Question 23

taxonomy

Answer 23

science of classifying and naming organisms

Question 24

classification

Answer 24

assigning of organisms to taxa based upon similarities

Question 25

nomenclature

Answer 25

rules of naming organisms

Question 26

identification

Answer 26

practical science of determine an isolated individual/group belongs to a certain taxa

Question 27

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 27

system classified organisms based on common characteristics grouped organisms that can interbreed into species used binomial nomenclature

Question 28

taxonomic and identifying characteristics

Answer 28

``` physical characteristics biochemical tests serological tests phage typing analysis of nucleic acids ```