Ch. 5

Question 1

reduction

Answer 1

electron acceptor

Question 2

oxidation

Answer 2

electron donor

Question 3

electron carrier molecules

Answer 3

NAD+
NADP+
FAD

Question 4

metabolic processes guided by

Answer 4

1. nutrient requirement
2. requires energy from light or nutrients (catabolism)
3. energy stored as ATP
4. utilize enzymes
5. construct larger building blocks in anabolic reactions
6. use enzymes and ATP for polymerization
7. cell growth
8. cell reproduction

Question 5

phosphorylation of ADP

Answer 5

1. substrate level phosphorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation
3. photophosphorylation

Question 6

classifying enzymes

Answer 6

hydrolases
isomerases
ligases (polymerases)
lyases
oxidoreductases
transferases

Question 7

hydrolases

Answer 7

catabolize by adding water

Question 8

isomerases

Answer 8

rearrange atoms within a molecule

Question 9

ligases

Answer 9

join 2 molecules together

Question 10

lyases

Answer 10

split large molecules

Question 11

oxidoreductases

Answer 11

remove or add electron to various substrates

Question 12

transferases

Answer 12

transfer functional groups between 2 molecules

Question 13

apoenzymes

Answer 13

protein enzymes that are inactive

Question 14

cofactors

Answer 14

inorganic ions

Question 15

coenzymes

Answer 15

vitamins or contain vitamins

Question 16

holoenzyme

Answer 16

binding of apoenzyme with cofactor/coenzyme

Question 17

ribozymes

Answer 17

process other RNA molecules by removing sections of RNA and placing remaining pieces together

Question 18

factors of enzyme activity

Answer 18

temperature
pH
enzyme and substrate concentrations
presence of inhibitors

Question 19

inhibitors

Answer 19

competitive

noncompetitive

Question 20

competitive inhibitors

Answer 20

fit into enzyme’s active site preventing substrate binding

Question 21

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 21

band to allosteric site somewhere else on enzyme

Question 22

carbohydrate catabolism

Answer 22

cellular respiration

fermentation

Question 23

cellular respiration

Answer 23

glycolysis
kreb’s cycle
electron transport chain

Question 24

fermentation

Answer 24

glycolysis

conversion of pyruvic acid into other organic compounds

Question 25

glycolysis

Answer 25

``` occurs in cytosol energy investment stage (1-3) lysis stage (4-5) energy-conserving stage (6-10) Net 2 ATP and 2 NADH ```

Question 26

synthesis of acetyl-CoA

Answer 26

pyruvic acid converted to acetyl-coenzyme A

Question 27

kreb's cycle

Answer 27

cytosol of prokaryotes mitochondria of eukaryotes 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 28

electron transport chain

Answer 28

mitochondria of eukaryotes | cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes

Question 29

categories of carrier molecules in ETC

Answer 29

flavoproteins ubiquinones metal-containing proteins cytochromes

Question 30

chemiosmosis

Answer 30

use of ion gradients to generate ATP

Question 31

alternatives to glycolysis

Answer 31

pentose phosphate pathway | entner-doudoroff pathway

Question 32

fermentation

Answer 32

partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule from within the cell as the final electron acceptor (NADH to NAD+)

Question 33

other catabolic pathways

Answer 33

lipid catabolism | protein catabolism

Question 34

lipid catabolism

Answer 34

lipases hydrolyze the bonds of glycerol and FA glycerol converted to DHAP fatty acids degraded in beta-oxidation

Question 35

protein catabolism

Answer 35

proteases --> deamination

Question 36

photosynthesis

Answer 36

use of light energy to drive synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

Question 37

chlorophylls

Answer 37

hydrocarbon tail attached to light-absorbing active site around a magnesium ion arranged into matrices called photosystems embedded in cellular membranes called thylakoids