Ch 3

Question 1

nature

Answer 1

-gen layout of the nervous sys

Question 2

nurture

Answer 2

-various connections are adjusted to meet demands of env (aka neuroplasticity)

Question 3

neuroplastisity

Answer 3

-ability of the brain to change its own structure and fxn through activity and though
-most prominent during critical periods of dev and then is reduced

Question 4

critical periods

Answer 4

-early dev
-includes language, vision, hearing, and all of our human fxns

Question 5

ongoing adjustments

Answer 5

-learning & memory
-constraint-induced movement therapy

Question 6

constraint-induced movement therapy

Answer 6

-taking the little mvmt that is on their weaker side and work it to overcome the learned unused side & make gains

Question 7

neurons & their connections

Answer 7

-the nervous sys adjusts to match the body and the env

Question 8

neurogenesis

Answer 8

-creating new neurons

Question 9

neural stem cells

Answer 9

-cells that can produce new CNS neurons or glial cells

Question 10

stem cells

Answer 10

-can be found in the walls of the ventricles, the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone of lateral ventricles that migrate to olfactory bulb

Question 11

rewiring

Answer 11

-creating new neuronal pathways
-relearning something

Question 12

unmasking

Answer 12

-uncovering existing, but rarely used neuronal pathways

Question 13

cortical re-organization

Answer 13

-reassigning cortical “real estate”

Question 14

changes in synaptic efficiency

Answer 14

-basis of learning and memory
-neurons comm primarily through chemical transmission via neurotransmitters

Question 15

Hebb’s principle

Answer 15

-“neurons that fire together, wire together”

Question 16

potentiation

Answer 16

-increase in synaptic efficiency
(the more you do something the more the neurons will help you do that thing more efficiently

Question 17

depression

Answer 17

-a decrease in synaptic efficiency (neurons that fire apart, fire apart)
-harder & more effortful when trying to learn something

Question 18

short-term potentiation or depression

Answer 18

-lasts a few mins; gen consequence of activity
ex: learn something & having a hard time, but then feeling like you can do it in the end until you have to do it again but do not remember anything

Question 19

long-term potentiation or depression

Answer 19

-producing lasting changes ; basis of learning & memory and

-affect in neuro rehab

-keep practicing to build long-term

Question 20

what facilitates neuroplasticity

Answer 20

-good practice
-physical exercise
-intensity/redundancy
-enhanced env
-indiv saliency
-goal driven tasks

Question 21

matching process

Answer 21

-infants must then match neuronal connections to their bodies & external ev through a matching procrss
(with practice & repetition they make a connection)

Question 22

how do human’s make sure the right neurons survive?

Answer 22

-target tissues in the body produce a limited quantity of neurotrophic factors
-some get food or neurotropic factors & transport them back to the cell body; those neurons are nourished & survive
-those that don’t get fed/connected, die off

Question 23

neuronal competition

Answer 23

-neurons compete for neurotrophic factors during development

Question 24

immature neurons

Answer 24

-they receive inputs & make synaptic connections much more easily than adult neurons

Question 25

critical periods

Answer 25

-brain changes & adaptation can happen easily -vary in length for different parts of brain & different parts of the brain & different skills -nearly every human behavior has this

Question 26

plasticity

Answer 26

-maximal & synapses made during critical periods are more or less permanent

Question 27

synaptic connections are adjusted throughout life

Answer 27

-neurodevelopment processes & processes during critical periods complete the basic wiring of neuronal networks

Question 28

declarative memory aka explicit

Answer 28

-memory of facts, events, concepts, & places

Question 29

non-declarative memory aka implicit

Answer 29

-procedural memory -how-to memory (things you know how to do or things you do that are hard to state out loud

Question 30

immediate memory

Answer 30

-lasts up to 3 seconds -snapshot of sensory input -processed by primary sensory & sensory association areas of brain and is encoded for the next stage

Question 31

immediate memory example

Answer 31

-someone says something and then you give them a delayed response

Question 32

working memory

Answer 32

-lasts 3-30 seconds -info we keep in mind, manipulate & rehearse

Question 33

working memory example

Answer 33

Someone gives you a phone number, and you say it repeatedly until you dial it. then if you don't remember and you get rid of it in your brain but if it is a person you want to get to know, you would keep rehearsing their #

Question 34

long term memory

Answer 34

-lasts more than 30 seconds to remote -relatively permanent storage of info that has been processed in working memory

Question 35

declarative memory structure

Answer 35

-the hippocampus -associated with memory specifically consolidation -taking working memory & then consolidating it so that it can be pushed out to more long term memory

Question 36

non-declarative memory: skills & habits

Answer 36

-muscle memory -for balance; motor -skill based memories

Question 37

non-declarative memory

Answer 37

-emotion association

Question 38

non-declarative memory: conditioned reflexes

Answer 38

-flinching

Question 39

cognitive learning

Answer 39

-verbally guide motor task; requires much attention (when learning something new)

Question 40

associative learning

Answer 40

-movement is refined and made more efficient -refine it on your own; no one should talk to you bc you js need practice

Question 41

autonomous learning

Answer 41

-movements are practically automatic; requires very little conscious attention -do these things automatically w/o having conscious attention

Question 42

common diagnoses involved in memory loss

Answer 42

-cerebral confusions/tbi -stroke & anoxia -Korsakoff's psychosis -alzhemier's disease -psychogenic amnesia -normal memory loss

Question 43

neuronal repair

Answer 43

-PNS nerve fibers can regrow after injury -CNS neurons do not typically regenerate

Question 44

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 44

-deficit in forming new memories

Question 45

consolidation

Answer 45

-conversion of working memory to long term memory