Ch 7

Question 1

neurons (nerve cells)

Answer 1

-receives info, processes it, and generates output

Question 2

glial (glial cella or neuroglia)

Answer 2

-supporting roles

Question 3

neurons typically comm using…

Answer 3

-electrical & chemical signals

Question 4

electrical signals

Answer 4

-comm within neurons

Question 5

chemical signals

Answer 5

-comm btwn neurons

Question 6

neurons

Answer 6

-encased in a cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

-material inside the cell membrane; full of organelles

Question 8

neurons primary parts

Answer 8

-dendrites > cell body > axon

Question 9

cell body (soma or perikaryon)

Answer 9

-site for synthesis of nearly all the neuron’s enzymes, structural proteins, membrane components, organelles & some neurotransmitters

Question 10

dendrites

Answer 10

-tapering extensions of cell body

-specialized to receive info

-increases surface area available for synaptic inputs

Question 11

dendritic tree

Answer 11

-total array of neuron’s dendrites

Question 12

dendrites pt 2

Answer 12

-info is transmitted distally proximally
-contains many of the same organelles as in cell body

Question 13

dendritic spines

Answer 13

-spiky protuberances that are preferred sites for synaptic inputs

Question 14

axon

Answer 14

-single output unit of a neuron; transmits action potentials from cell body distally
-can range from 1mm to 1 m

Question 15

axon hillock

Answer 15

-gives rise to the initial segment

Question 16

initial segment

Answer 16

-just distal to axon hillock; most electrically excitable part of neuron

Question 17

cytoskeleton

Answer 17

-network of protein filaments contained w/ in nearly all parts of neurons that give neurons their shape & assist in transport w/in neuron

Question 18

axonal transport

Answer 18

-active process by which cells send macromolecules & organelles along an axon
-can be fast or slow; anterograde or retrograde

Question 19

fast anterograde transport

Answer 19

-material travels from cell body to presynaptic terminal along microtubules

Question 20

fast retrograde transport

Answer 20

-material travels from terminal back to the cell body along microtubules

Question 21

related clinical conditions to axonal, anterograde, and retrograde transport

Answer 21

-polio
-herpes
-chemotherapy
-alzheimers disease
-chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 22

multi-polar

Answer 22

-have multiple dendrites and one axon
-designed to receive & accommodate large amounts of inputs

Question 23

bipolar

Answer 23

-have 2 primary processes that extend from cell body dendritic root and axon

Question 24

pseuounipolar

Answer 24

-subclass of bipolar neurons; appear to have signle projection from the cell body that div into two axonal roots and no true dendrites

Question 25

sensory neurons

Answer 25

-receptive to sensory input either directly or through connections with receptor cells

Question 26

motor neurons

Answer 26

-end on muscles, glands or other neurons

Question 27

interneurons

Answer 27

-located in small area in CNS

Question 28

projection neurons

Answer 28

-neurons in the CNS with long axons that project to another past of CNS

Question 29

synaptic transmission

Answer 29

-mechanism by which neurons comm with each other

Question 30

synapse

Answer 30

-a special zone of contact in which one neuron comm with another

Question 31

presynaptic element

Answer 31

-distal end of axon

Question 32

post synaptic

Answer 32

-part of another neuron

Question 33

synaptic cleft

Answer 33

-separation btwn the two elements

Question 34

synaptic vesicles

Answer 34

-containing neurotransmitters -released from presynaptic element into the cleft -bind to receptor sites in postsynaptic neuron

Question 35

axodendritic

Answer 35

-axon of one cell to dendrite of another

Question 36

axosomatic

Answer 36

-axon to soma

Question 37

axoaxonic

Answer 37

-axon to axon

Question 38

dendrodendritic

Answer 38

-dendrite to dendrite

Question 39

schwann cells

Answer 39

-the principal PNS glial -1 internode

Question 40

satellite cells

Answer 40

-flattened schwann cells -respond to injury of the nerve -found in PNS

Question 41

astrocytes

Answer 41

-largest of the CNS glia; highly branched -two types: protoplasmic & fibrous

Question 42

protoplasmic

Answer 42

-in gray matter

Question 43

fibrous

Answer 43

-in white matter

Question 44

astrocyte roles

Answer 44

-structural support -can proliferate in response to CNS injury

Question 45

microglia

Answer 45

-smallest of the CNS glia -injury activates microglia to migrate & clean up debris

Question 46

ependymal cells

Answer 46

-line the walls of ventricles and choroid plexus -produce & secrete CSF

Question 47

gliomas

Answer 47

-tumors of glial cell origin -tumors of the PNS usu of Schwann cell origin

Question 48

schwannoma

Answer 48

-usu encapsulated with no nerve fiber involvement; easily removed

Question 49

neurofibroma

Answer 49

-encapsulated but infiltrating nerves; difficult to remove

Question 50

multiple sclerosis

Answer 50

-demyelinating disease of the CNS -autoimmune disease: body produces antibodies that attack oligodendrocytes

Question 51

multiple sclerosis pt 2

Answer 51

-destruction of oligodendrocytes produces patches of demyelination -areas of demyelination are replaced by astrocytic plaques

Question 52

guillain-barre syndrome

Answer 52

-demyelinating disease of the PNS -acute inflammation & demyelination of peripheral sensory (some) & motor (mostly) nerve fibers

Question 53

oligodendrocytes

Answer 53

-the CNS counterpart of the Schwann cells -can produce several internodes on several different axons