Ch 3 - Our Fascinating Earth (3.5 - 3.10)

Question 1

Name the three broad categories of rock.

Answer 1

igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic

Question 2

What are the individual substances that make up rocks?

Answer 2

minerals

Question 3

What type of rock forms when molten rock solidifies?

Answer 3

igneous rocks

Question 4

List the differences between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks and give an example of each.

Answer 4

Extrusive - fine-grained rock formed when magma cools and hardens at the earth’s surface, eg obsidian, pumice, basalt
Intrusive - coarse-grained rock formed when magma cools and hardens while still underground, eg granite

Question 5

Name the well-known igneous rock that contains quartz, feldspar, and mica.

Answer 5

granite

Question 6

What do we call rock formed from sediments that have been pressed together?

Answer 6

sedimentary rock

Question 7

What is a rough, crumbly rock sometimes used to make glass?

Answer 7

sandstone

Question 8

What rock is formed from mud or clay and is often ground up and used to make bricks?

Answer 8

shale

Question 9

What kind of rock is made from pebbles cemented together?

Answer 9

conglomerate

Question 10

What is another name for rock salt?

Answer 10

halite

Question 11

What soft, white rock is formed from the cemented skeletons of microscopic sea animals?

Answer 11

chalk or limestone

Question 12

What do we call any trace left in a rock by a plant or animal?

Answer 12

fossil

Question 13

What is the only stone formed by living animals?

Answer 13

reef limestone

Question 14

What do we call an igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed by extreme pressure or heat?

Answer 14

metamorphic rock

Question 15

What weather-resistant, waterproof rock is formed by metamorphosis of shale?

Answer 15

slate

Question 16

What is a beautiful rock that withstands weathering well and is commonly used for statues?

Answer 16

marble

Question 17

What do we call the rarest, most durable and beautiful gems?

Answer 17

precious stones

Question 18

Which gemstone is the hardest of all known minerals?

Answer 18

diamond

Question 19

What do we call any rock containing a metal together with impurities?

Answer 19

ore

Question 20

What do we call metals such as gold, silver, and platinum that are known for their durability, rarity, and beauty?

Answer 20

precious metals

Question 21

What is the most commonly used metal?

Answer 21

iron/steel

Question 22

What reddish-orange metal is a good conductor of electricity?

Answer 22

copper

Question 23

What do we call the hard, shiny, black coal that is expensive to mine?

Answer 23

anthracite

Question 24

What is the most common type of coal, also known as “soft coal”?

Answer 24

bituminous coal

Question 25

What is the poorest quality coal, also known as “brown coal”?

Answer 25

lignite

Question 26

What are two different ways of mining coal?

Answer 26

surface mining
underground mining

Question 27

What do we call the thick, dark-coloured, flammable liquid that is considered a liquid fossil fuel?

Answer 27

petroleum or crude oil

Question 28

Why is coal called a fossil fuel?

Answer 28

It is derived from the fossilized remains of plants.

Question 29

How do oil geologists find buried petroleum?

Answer 29

Oil geologists use a variety of sensitive instruments to allow them to “see” the rock formations that lie deep beneath the surface. Engineers then drill holes into the most promising formations to see if they contain oil.

Question 30

What do we call any hollow space in the earth’s crust that has formed naturally and is large enough for a person to enter?

Answer 30

a cave

Question 31

What word means the study of caves?

Answer 31

speleology

Question 32

In what kind of rock do solution caves usually form?

Answer 32

limestone

Question 33

What is the basic mineral that makes up limestone?

Answer 33

calcium carbonate

Question 34

What do we call animals that visit caves regularly but have to return to the surface to find food?

Answer 34

trogloxenes

Question 35

Are solution caves formed mostly by chemical weathering or by physical weathering?

Answer 35

chemical weathering

Question 36

Some caves have an abundance of green plants growing at or near the entrance. However, once you pass a certain point as you are entering a cave, green plants disappear. Why?

Answer 36

Green plants need sunlight in order to produce food by the process of photosynthesis. Once you arrive at the point where there is insufficient sunlight, green plants cannot live.

Question 37

What do we call the area surrounding a magnet in which the force of magnetism affects other objects?

Answer 37

magnetic field

Question 38

What do we call the places on a magnet (usually at the ends) where its magnetism is the strongest?

Answer 38

magnetic poles

Question 39

What do we call a magnet that becomes magnetized only when it is hooked to a battery or some other source of electric current?

Answer 39

electromagnetic

Question 40

What do we call the region of space affected by the earth’s magnetic field?

Answer 40

magnetosphere

Question 41

What do we call the stream of harmful particles that flow constantly from the surface of the sun?

Answer 41

solar wind