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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 34 > Flashcards

ch. 34 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

what are herbivores?

A

plant eaters

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2
Q

what are carnivores?

A

meat eaters

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3
Q

what are omnivores?

A

plant and meat animals

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4
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

a type of digestive system that consists of a single opening

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5
Q

what are some examples of phylums that have a gastrovascular cavity?

A
  • Cnidarians
  • Platyhelminthes
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6
Q

what is an alimentary canal?

A

a tubular digestive system with a mouth and an anus

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7
Q

what is aminopeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

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8
Q

what is the anus?

A

the exit point for waste material

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9
Q

what is bile?

A

digestive juice important for the digestion of lipids

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10
Q

what organ produces bile?

A

the liver

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11
Q

what is a bolus?

A

a mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

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12
Q

what is caboxypeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

a protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of the small intestine

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13
Q

what is the cephalon phase?

A

the first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

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14
Q

what is cholecystokinin?

A

a hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

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15
Q

what is chylomicron?

A

a small lipid globule

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16
Q

what is chyme?

A

a mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

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17
Q

what is chymotrypsin?

A

pancreatic protease

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18
Q

what is digestion?

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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19
Q

what is dipeptidase? what is it secreted by?

A

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

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20
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

the first part of the small intestine

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21
Q

what does the duodenum digest?

A

carbohydrates and fats

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22
Q

what is elastase?

A

pancreatic protease

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23
Q

what does the endocrine system control?

A

the responses of various glands in the body and the release of hormones at appropriate times

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24
Q

what does the esophagus connect?

A

mouth to the stomach

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25
what are essential nutrients?
nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food
26
what does the gallbladder do?
stores and concentrates bile
27
what organ are gastric inhibitory peptides secreted by? when is it secreted?
the small intestine when its in the presence of fatty acids and sugars
28
what do gastric inhibitory peptides inhibit? why?
it inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine
29
what happens during the gastric phase?
gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials
30
what begins the gastric phase?
food entering the stomach
31
what is gastrin?
hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach
32
what is a gastrovascular cavity?
digestive system consisting of a single opening
33
what is a gizzard?
muscular organ that grinds food
34
what is the ileum?
the last part of the small intestine
35
what is the purpose of the ileum?
connects the small intestine to the large intestine; important for the absorption of B-12
36
what is ingestion?
the act of taking in food
37
what begins the intestinal phase?
chyme entering the small intestine
38
what is the third digestive phase?
the intestinal phase
39
what happens during the intestinal phase?
chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying
40
what is the second part of the small intestine?
the jejunum
41
what does lipase break down?
lipids
42
what does the liver produce? why?
produces bile for digestion
43
what does the liver process?
vitamins and lipids
44
what does maltase break down? into what?
breaks down maltose into glucose
45
what is a mineral? what does it do?
inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body
46
what does a monogastric digestive system consist of?
a single-chambered stomach
47
what is the pancreas? what does it secrete?
a gland that secretes digestive juices
48
what is pepsin? where is it found?
an enzyme found in the stomach
49
what is the main role of pepsin?
protein digestion
50
what is the inactive form of pepsin called?
pepsinogen
51
what is peristalsis?
wave-like movements of muscle tissue
52
what is the proventriculus?
glandular part of a bird’s stomach
53
what is the purpose of the rectum?
where feces is stored until elimination
54
what is roughage low in? what is it high in?
low in energy and high in fiber
55
what is a ruminant?
animal with a stomach divided into four compartments
56
what is salivary amylase?
an enzyme found in saliva
57
what does salivary amylase convert? to what?
converts carbohydrates to maltose
58
what does secretin stimulate? where?
stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine
59
what is digested in the small intestine?
protein, fats, and carbohydrates
60
why is somatostatin released?
to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty
61
what is the sphincter? what does it control?
band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract
62
what does the stomach contain?
acidic digestive juices
63
what does sucrose break down? into what?
sucrose into fructose and glucose
64
what is trypsin? what does it break down?
pancreatic protease that breaks down protein
65
what are villi? what is their role?
folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area
66
what is a vitamin? why is it necessary?
organic substance necessary in small amounts to sustain life
67
why is an incomplete digestive system inefficient?
- because there is no way to distribute broken down nutrients to all the cells they need to reach; this means that all calls have to be in contact with where food is located - can’t departmentalize anything
68
what does extracellular digestion mean?
absorbing things from outside the cell
69
what are two examples of phylum’s that have incomplete digestive systems/a gastrovascular cavity?
- cniderians - playthelminthes
70
what type of digestive system is a gastrovascular cavity?
incomplete
71
what type of digestive system is an alimentary canal?
complete
72
how does the circulatory system work with the digestive system?
the DS breaks down foods so that the CS can absorb and transport them across the body
73
where does most absorption happen during digestion?
the small intestine
74
the small intestine absorbs nutrients directly into the blood to be transported. What is the exception to this? what system does this nutrient have to go through before being distributed?
fats because they have to go through the lymphatic system first; they are transported to the neck and then distributed across the body
75
how many chambers does a bird stomach have?
two
76
what does digestion break down? into what?
polymers into monomers
77
what organ’s function is storage in birds?
the crop
78
what do ruminants need for digestion?
bacterial symbioses
79
what does the small intestine absorb? into where?
monomers into the blood stream
80
what does the large intestine absorb?
water and minerals
81
what is always involved in chemical digestion?
enzymes
82
why are we supposed to have fiber in our diets?
even though we can’t digest it, it helps remove things we don’t want in our digestive system
83
what is eliminated in feces/stool?
- undigested food (most) - bacteria - dead cells - mucus
84
what body parts does fragmentation consist of?
tongue, teeth, and mouth
85
what does sublingual mean?
under tongue
86
what organ is responsible for bile production?
the liver
87
what is the largest internal organ?
the liver
88
what organ is responsible for bile storage/concentration?
the gallbladder
89
what organ is responsible for nutrient absorption?
the small intestine
90
what are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
91
what part of the small intestine does the most nutrient absorption?
the ileum
92
what organ is responsible for holding beneficial bacteria?
the appendix
93
what is the main site of chemical digestion?
the stomach
94
what are the two purposes of pancreatic juice?
enzyme and being a buffer to bring down pH from stomach (acidic to basic)
95
what organ is responsible for water and mineral absorption?
the large intestine
96
what are the three parts of the large intestine?
the transverse colon, descending colon, and ascending colon
97
what organ is responsible for holding waste?
the rectum
98
what organ is responsible for expelling waste?
the anus
99
what enzyme does saliva contain?
amylase
100
what does amylase break down? into what?
polysaccharides into maltose

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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