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BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology > ch. 39 > Flashcards

ch. 39 Flashcards

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1
Q

is ATP needed for passive diffusion?

A

no

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2
Q

what is passive diffusion?

A

diffusion across membranes of O2 and CO2 from high to low concentration

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3
Q

what is needed for respiratory surfaces? what are they surrounded by?

A

moisture; a thin layer of water

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4
Q

what is fricks law of diffusion?

A

diffusion rate = diffusion coefficient * surface area * pressure difference / diffusion difference

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5
Q

what are the three best ways to optimize diffusion rate?

A
  1. increase surface area
  2. decrease diffusion distance
  3. increase concentration difference
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6
Q

what is the order of organisms in least to most complexity of gas exchange systems?

A

single cell organisms —> amphibians —> echinoderms —> insects —> fish —> mammals

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7
Q

what are gills?

A

specialized tissues projecting into water for O2 exchange

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8
Q

what animals have external gills?

A

some fishes and some amphibians

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9
Q

what is the disadvantage of external gills?

A

they are vulnerable

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10
Q

what are the two types of internal gills?

A

branchial and opercular

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11
Q

what is the advantage of internal gills?

A

they are protected

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12
Q

what is ram ventilation?

A

when an organism swims with their mouth open to force water over gills (constantly need to swim)

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13
Q

what is a buccal-opercular pump?

A

expansion and contraction of the mouth cavity powers breathing, promoting movement of either water or air into the gills or lungs

buccal open and opercular closed —> buccal fills —> buccal closed and opercular open —> water flows over gills in one direction

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14
Q

what animals use cutaneous respiration?

A

mostly amphibians; some fishes and sea snakes

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15
Q

what is used for cutaneous respiration?

A

highly vascularized skin with dense capillaries close to the surface

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16
Q

what is important about cutaneous respiration?

A

obligatory and facultative

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17
Q

what animals have a tracheal system?

A

arthropods

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18
Q

what are spiracles?

A

openings in the skin that may open/close that connect to a tubular network for respiration

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19
Q

what does the tracheal system consist of?

A

spiracles, trachea, and tracheoles

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20
Q

what is the tracheal system?

A

a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body

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21
Q

why were gills replaced by paired lungs?

A
  1. gravity and lack of support
  2. water loss though thin tissue
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22
Q

how do paired lungs minimize evaporation?

A
  • transport air internally via tubes
  • saturate inspired air with moisture
  • they have a thin fluid layer and membrane
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23
Q

what is the process of positive pressure breathing?

A

air is taken first into the mouth through the nostrils, and then pushed by positive pressure into the lungs by elevating the throat and closing the nostrils

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24
Q

what animals use positive pressure breathing?

A

amphibians

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25
what is the buccal cavity?
the oral cavity
26
what is the gas exchange process of positive pressure breathing?
Nostrils open: • Buccal cavity • Drop buccal floor • Air comes in – Nostrils close: • Raise buccal floor • Force air into lungs
27
what can positive pressure breathing be augmented with?
cutaneous
28
what animals use negative pressure breathing?
reptiles and mammals
29
what has a higher surface are, negative or positive pressure breathing?
negative
30
what is used in negative pressure breathing?
the thoracic cavity and muscle action
31
what are characteristics of air sacs?
they hold air but perform no exchange; complete respiration
32
what are parabronchi?
gas exchange center in avian lungs that have a two-breath cycle
33
what are characteristics of avian lungs?
1-way movement, only fresh air, very efficient, high metabolic rate
34
what are conduction structures in the mammalian respiratory system?
they move air and perform no exchange includes: - nose - pharynx - larynx and trachea - bronchi - bronchioles additional roles - filter air - warm air - communication
35
what is the function of alveoli?
gas exchange center
36
what are structural characteristics of alveoli?
- high surface area (80 m^2) - two cells thick - very sensitive
37
describe inhalation
- external intercostal and diaphragm contract - thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases - creates negative pressure - air passes into the lung due to the difference in pressure - thorax and lungs —> elastic tension
38
describe exhalation
- external intercostal and diaphragm relax - elastic tension is released (volume decreases and pressure increases) - non-forced inhalation - abdominal muscles may forcible contract - produce greater exhalation
39
what is tidal volume?
the volume of air inhaled in a single, normal breath
40
what is the average tidal volume at rest for a human?
500 mL
41
what drives breathing rate?
CO2 pressure
42
what is hypoventilation?
increase in CO2 pressure
43
what is hyperventilation?
decrease in CO2 pressure
44
what does the respiratory control center initiate when you are holding your breath?
– Blood PCO2 ↑ – Blood PO2 ↓ – Blood H2CO3 ↑ – Blood pH (H +) ↓ – Chemoreceptors stimulated – Impulse to RCC – RCC impulse to EI & Diaphragm – Involuntary inhalation occurs
45
what factors affect respiratory pigments?
- pigment type - temperature - pH - CO2 - loading vs unloading
46
what is binding affinity?
the ability to hold O2 (P50 = 50% saturation)
47
what is hemoglobin (Hgl)?
- found in RBCs - 4 heme groups - 4 Fe atoms - oxyhemoglobin - deoxyhemoglobin - each hemoglobin can bind 4 O molecules
48
what is a heme group?
centralized iron-containing group that is surrounded by the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin
49
what is myoglobin?
- protein found in muscles - one Fe atom - high binding affinity - found in marine animals
50
what is alveolar gas?
PO2: partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (105 mmHg) PCO2: 40 mmHg
51
what is the partial pressure in arterial blood?
PO2: 100 mmHg PCO2: 40 mmHg
52
how is CO2 transferred in the respiratory system?
CO2 binds to proteins in Hgl - carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to H2CO3 and removes from the plasma - decrease in affinity for O2
53
what organs do URIs affect?
nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
54
what are examples of URIs?
Sinusitis, Laryngitis, Tonsillitis, Flu, Common cold, Epstein-Bar, Pertussis, & Step throat
55
what organs do lower respiratory infections affect?
bronchus, bronchioles, and lungs
56
what are examples of LRIs?
bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis (can be viral or bacterial)
57
what are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Long-term obstruction of air ways (ex: Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema)
58
what is asthma?
- inflammation is triggered by environmental factors; Inflammation obstructs the airways - genetic and environmental - allergens and histamines - treatment: dialators/anti-inflammatory
59
what is emphysema?
- mostly arises from smoking (90%) - walls of alveoli are destroyed, decreasing surface for gas exchange - lose elasticity - lungs become fibrotic
60
what is black lung?
– Pneumoconiosis – Coal miners – Coal dust • Repeated exposure • Inflammation • Causes scarring – Not genetic – leads to difficulty talking
61
what is lung cancer?
- majority of cancer deaths - originates in bronchi - metastasizes quickly - 3% survival after metastasis - chronic cough with blood
62
what are the types of lung cancer and their causes?
– Small cell Lung Cancer • Smoking & air pollution • 10 – 15% of all cases – Non-Small cell Lung Cancer • 80% of all cancer • 85 – 90% of all cases – Mesothelioma • Asbestos exposure • Pleura of lung

BIO 202 - Principles of Zoology (12 decks)

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